Exam 2

Question 1

attribution

Answer 1

inference we make about other’s behavior and what causes it

Question 2

dispositional / internal attribution

Answer 2

infer something about actor + their personality

Question 3

situational / external attribution

Answer 3

infer cause is situational; external circumstances cause behavior

Question 4

explanatory styles

Answer 4

how you habitually explain events in your life

Question 5

what are the three explanation styles?

Answer 5

1. internal / external
2. stable / unstable
3. global / specific

Question 6

pessimistic explanatory style

Answer 6

internal, stable, global; correlates with lower grades and worse health later in life

Question 7

normative model

Answer 7

how we should make attributions

Question 8

covariation principle

Answer 8

observers (should) systematically note what factors covary

Question 9

what is the first C in Kelly’s Covariation Model?

Answer 9

consistency: does the person consistently perform this behavior?

Question 10

what is the D in Kelly’s Covariation Model?

Answer 10

distinctiveness: in what situations does this occur?

Question 11

what is the second C in Kelly’s Covariation Model?

Answer 11

consensus: do other people perform this behavior?

Question 12

what are the weaknesses with Kelly’s Covariation Model?

Answer 12

• Implies we simply can’t make attributions in some situations
• More normative than descriptive

Question 13

self-serving attribution error

Answer 13

our successes are based on internal factors, while our failures are based on external factors; we do this to self enhance.

Question 14

fundamental attribution error (* important)

Answer 14

the tendency to favor internal attributions

Question 15

perceptual salience

Answer 15

the information that captures the attention of the individual from a given situation or stimulus

Question 16

just-world hypothesis

Answer 16

belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Question 17

gilbert’s 3 stage model

Answer 17

1. identify behavior
2. characterize actor
3. adjust for situation?

Question 18

adjusting for situation / controlled processes require

Answer 18

both motivation and ability

Question 19

actor-observer bias

Answer 19

the observer makes internal attributions about the actor, while the actor makes external attributions about themself

Question 20

how do cultural differences affect the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 20

people in eastern cultures are less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error

Question 21

attitude

Answer 21

summary evaluation of an object

Question 22

3 components of attitudes?

Answer 22

affect, behavior, cognition

Question 23

attitude measurements

Answer 23

direct: self-report scale
indirect: physiological measures (brain activity, heart rate) , behavioral measures (eye contact), implicit measures (computerized tasks based on response latency)

Question 24

specificity principle

Answer 24

to predict behavior from attitudes, match level of specificity

Question 25

elaboration likelihood model (ELM)

Answer 25

how likely you are to think deeply about something, and be persuaded as a result

Question 26

elaboration

Answer 26

thinking carefully about something

Question 27

according to the ELM, if both motivation and ability are high…

Answer 27

high elaboration = central route: focus on argument strength and quality

Question 28

according to the ELM, if motivation or ability are low…

Answer 28

low elaboration = peripheral route:
focus on superficial cues

Question 29

what is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 29

the discomfort a person feels when their behavior does not align with their values or beliefs

Question 30

induced compliance

Answer 30

you do a behavior that doesn’t match your attitude due to an incentive

Question 31

effort justification

Question 32

post-decisional dissonance

Question 33

when is dissonance worst?

Answer 33

1. behavior freely chosen
2. insufficient justification
3. negative consequences…
4. …that were foreseeable

Question 34

dissonance and self-threat