Exam 2

Question 1

Specific types of neurons that connect the CNS with skeletal muscles, sensory receptors, the heart, smooth muscle, and glands

Answer 1

Motor Neurons

Question 2

CNS

Answer 2

Central Nervous System, consists of the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

PNS

Answer 3

Peripheral Nervous System, Consists of cranial and spinal nerves

Question 4

ANS

Answer 4

Autonomic Nervous System, a division of the central nervous system that controls involuntary functions

Question 5

Processes involved as information travels through a neural pathway. (Reflex Arc)

Answer 5

Stimulus, receptor, Afferent neuron, Interneuron, Efferent Neuron, Effector

Question 6

membrane potential

Answer 6

-Used to integrate, send and receive info
- membrane potential changes produced by:
- Changes in membrane permeability
- Alterations of ion concentration

Question 7

depolarization

Answer 7

Inside of membrane becomes more positive, MP difference decreases

Question 8

hyperpolarization

Answer 8

Inside becomes more negative than RMP, membrane potential difference increases

Question 9

repolarization

Answer 9

MP returns to resting state

Question 10

Threshold

Answer 10

The limit that the membrane potential has to reach or supercede to create an action potential

Question 11

Graded Potentials

Answer 11

-Brief Short distance signals within a neuron. Short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential
-if strong enough, it can develop into an action potential

Question 12

What happens during an action potential

Answer 12

-Resting state
-Depolarization phase (Na+ moves in)
-Repolarization Phase(K+ v-gated channels open)
-Hyperpolarization Phase (K+ v-gated channels close, returning to resting state)

Question 13

resting potential

Answer 13

Ions haven’t been stimulated, More Na+ outside cell, More K+ inside cell resulting a mV of -70

Question 14

action potential

Answer 14

A rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane

Question 15

where graded potentials occur

Answer 15

Dendrites or soma

Question 16

all-or-none phenomenon

Answer 16

APs either happen completely or not at all

Question 17

where action potentials occur

Answer 17

Axon or Axon Hillock

Question 18

the mechanism that allows information to travel in only one direction in an axon

Answer 18

Refractory Period

Question 19

neuron

Answer 19

Excitable cells in the brain used for communication (ie sending signals

Question 20

nerve

Answer 20

Bundle of fibers in the PNS that receives and sends messages between the body and the brain

Question 21

tract

Answer 21

Bundle of fibers in the CNS that receives and sends messages between the body and the brain

Question 22

sensory neuron

Answer 22

Essentially an afferent neuron, sends information from body to Central nervous system

Question 23

interneuron

Answer 23

The neuron that connects the spinal motor and sensory neurons

Question 24

motor neuron

Answer 24

Essentially, an efferent neuron, sends out information from CNS to the effector to elicit a response

Question 25

synapse

Answer 25

Site of transmission between 2 neurons or between a neuron and an effector

Question 26

Function of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Answer 26

mediates the upstroke of the action potential in excitable cells

Question 27

Function of voltage-gated K+ channels

Answer 27

helps depolarize the membrane

Question 28

Function of Na+ ions in APs

Answer 28

Causes depolarization

Question 29

Function of K+ ions in APs

Answer 29

Helps hyperpolarize the membrane potential

Question 30

Function of Na+/K+ ATPase in APs

Answer 30

Helps maintain resting potential

Question 31

Types of Synapses and what they connect together

Answer 31

-Axodendritic (Axon and Dendrite) -Axosomatic (Axon and Soma) -Axoaxonic( Axon and Axon) -Dendrodendritic (Dendrite and Dendrite) -Dendrosomatic

Question 32

Summation

Answer 32

The additive effect of several electrical impulses on a neuromuscular junction

Question 33

Where summation occurs

Answer 33

Axon Hillock

Question 34

Temporal Summation

Answer 34

-A rapidly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSPs that are close in time -Back to back, same location

Question 35

Spatial Summation

Answer 35

-More than 1 presynaptic neuron fires at the same time -EPSPs are generated at dif locations on the neuron -Dif location, same time

Question 36

Neurotransmitter

Answer 36

chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body

Question 37

Classes of neurotransmitters (Chemical)

Answer 37

1) Acetylcholine 2) Amines 3) Amino Acids 4) Other small molecule transmitters

Question 38

Classes of neurotransmitters (Functional)

Answer 38

* Biogenic amines: * Catecholamines (derived from tryosine) * Histamine - derived from histidine Neuropeptides Gases Lipids

Question 39

Types of synapses that have G-protein coupled receptors

Answer 39

Chemical Synapses

Question 40

What is the difference between a reflex and a voluntary action?

Answer 40

Voluntary actions are actions which you yourself initiate by your own conscious The reflex is a rapid automatic response to a stimulus

Question 41

ANS single innervation

Answer 41

A body organ receives neural innervation from either the sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons in the ANS

Question 42

ANS Dual Innervation

Answer 42

A body organ receives neural innervation from both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in the ANS

Question 43

Localized effects

Answer 43

only affects a specific place or part of the body

Question 44

Group effects

Answer 44

affects multiple places or a group of organs in the body

Question 45

Sympathetic tone

Answer 45

Sympathetic Nervous System Activity

Question 46

Parasympathetic tone

Answer 46

Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity

Question 47

Tonic receptor response patterns

Answer 47

-slow adapting receptors. respond to the stimulus as long as it persists

Question 48

Phasic receptor response patterns

Answer 48

rapidly adapting receptors, respond quickly to stimuli but stop responding upon continuous stimulation

Question 49

Input of chemoreceptors

Answer 49

Chemical changes

Question 50

Input of Photoreceptors

Answer 50

Light

Question 51

Input of Thermoreceptors

Answer 51

Temperature

Question 52

Input of Mechanoreceptors

Answer 52

Mechanical Changes

Question 53

Input of Nocioreceptors

Answer 53

Pain

Question 54

Input of Osmoreceptors

Answer 54

changes in osmotic pressure

Question 55

Input of Proprioreceptors

Answer 55

Changes in position and movement

Question 56

Input of Cutaneous Receptors

Answer 56

Sensations