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Bio-45 Lecture exams > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Specific types of neurons that connect the CNS with skeletal muscles, sensory receptors, the heart, smooth muscle, and glands

A

Motor Neurons

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2
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System, consists of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System, Consists of cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

ANS

A

Autonomic Nervous System, a division of the central nervous system that controls involuntary functions

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5
Q

Processes involved as information travels through a neural pathway. (Reflex Arc)

A

Stimulus, receptor, Afferent neuron, Interneuron, Efferent Neuron, Effector

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6
Q

membrane potential

A

-Used to integrate, send and receive info
- membrane potential changes produced by:
- Changes in membrane permeability
- Alterations of ion concentration

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7
Q

depolarization

A

Inside of membrane becomes more positive, MP difference decreases

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8
Q

hyperpolarization

A

Inside becomes more negative than RMP, membrane potential difference increases

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9
Q

repolarization

A

MP returns to resting state

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10
Q

Threshold

A

The limit that the membrane potential has to reach or supercede to create an action potential

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11
Q

Graded Potentials

A

-Brief Short distance signals within a neuron. Short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential
-if strong enough, it can develop into an action potential

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12
Q

What happens during an action potential

A

-Resting state
-Depolarization phase (Na+ moves in)
-Repolarization Phase(K+ v-gated channels open)
-Hyperpolarization Phase (K+ v-gated channels close, returning to resting state)

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13
Q

resting potential

A

Ions haven’t been stimulated, More Na+ outside cell, More K+ inside cell resulting a mV of -70

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14
Q

action potential

A

A rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane

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15
Q

where graded potentials occur

A

Dendrites or soma

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16
Q

all-or-none phenomenon

A

APs either happen completely or not at all

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17
Q

where action potentials occur

A

Axon or Axon Hillock

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18
Q

the mechanism that allows information to travel in only one direction in an axon

A

Refractory Period

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19
Q

neuron

A

Excitable cells in the brain used for communication (ie sending signals

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20
Q

nerve

A

Bundle of fibers in the PNS that receives and sends messages between the body and the brain

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21
Q

tract

A

Bundle of fibers in the CNS that receives and sends messages between the body and the brain

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22
Q

sensory neuron

A

Essentially an afferent neuron, sends information from body to Central nervous system

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23
Q

interneuron

A

The neuron that connects the spinal motor and sensory neurons

24
Q

motor neuron

A

Essentially, an efferent neuron, sends out information from CNS to the effector to elicit a response

25
Q

synapse

A

Site of transmission between 2 neurons or between a neuron and an effector

26
Q

Function of voltage-gated Na+ channels

A

mediates the upstroke of the action potential in excitable cells

27
Q

Function of voltage-gated K+ channels

A

helps depolarize the membrane

28
Q

Function of Na+ ions in APs

A

Causes depolarization

29
Q

Function of K+ ions in APs

A

Helps hyperpolarize the membrane potential

30
Q

Function of Na+/K+ ATPase in APs

A

Helps maintain resting potential

31
Q

Types of Synapses and what they connect together

A

-Axodendritic (Axon and Dendrite)
-Axosomatic (Axon and Soma)
-Axoaxonic( Axon and Axon)
-Dendrodendritic (Dendrite and Dendrite)
-Dendrosomatic

32
Q

Summation

A

The additive effect of several electrical impulses on a neuromuscular junction

33
Q

Where summation occurs

A

Axon Hillock

34
Q

Temporal Summation

A

-A rapidly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSPs that are close in time

-Back to back, same location

35
Q

Spatial Summation

A

-More than 1 presynaptic neuron fires at the same time

-EPSPs are generated at dif locations on the neuron

-Dif location, same time

36
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body

37
Q

Classes of neurotransmitters (Chemical)

A

1) Acetylcholine
2) Amines
3) Amino Acids
4) Other small molecule transmitters

38
Q

Classes of neurotransmitters (Functional)

A
  • Biogenic amines:
  • Catecholamines (derived from tryosine)
  • Histamine - derived from histidine
    Neuropeptides
    Gases
    Lipids
39
Q

Types of synapses that have G-protein coupled receptors

A

Chemical Synapses

40
Q

What is the difference between a reflex and a voluntary action?

A

Voluntary actions are actions which you yourself initiate by your own conscious

The reflex is a rapid automatic response to a stimulus

41
Q

ANS single innervation

A

A body organ receives neural innervation from either the sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons in the ANS

42
Q

ANS Dual Innervation

A

A body organ receives neural innervation from both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in the ANS

43
Q

Localized effects

A

only affects a specific place or part of the body

44
Q

Group effects

A

affects multiple places or a group of organs in the body

45
Q

Sympathetic tone

A

Sympathetic Nervous System Activity

46
Q

Parasympathetic tone

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity

47
Q

Tonic receptor response patterns

A

-slow adapting receptors.
respond to the stimulus as long as it persists

48
Q

Phasic receptor response patterns

A

rapidly adapting receptors, respond quickly to stimuli but stop responding upon continuous stimulation

49
Q

Input of chemoreceptors

A

Chemical changes

50
Q

Input of Photoreceptors

A

Light

51
Q

Input of Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature

52
Q

Input of Mechanoreceptors

A

Mechanical Changes

53
Q

Input of Nocioreceptors

A

Pain

54
Q

Input of Osmoreceptors

A

changes in osmotic pressure

55
Q

Input of Proprioreceptors

A

Changes in position and movement

56
Q

Input of Cutaneous Receptors

A

Sensations

Bio-45 Lecture exams (8 decks)

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