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Bio-45 Lecture exams > Lecture Exam 1 (Unit 1) > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 (Unit 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

Study of functions

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2
Q

Principle of Complementarity

A

Shape determines function

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3
Q

Structural Levels of Organization

A

Matter +Energy —–> Atoms + Elements —–> Molecules + Compounds ——> Biomolecules——> Organelles——> Cell——> Tissues——> Organs—–> Organ System —> Organism

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4
Q

Skeletal System

A

Organs: Bones
Fxns: Structure, Support, Protection, Blood

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5
Q

Muscular System

A

Organs: Muscles
Fxns: Movement, heat production, protection

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6
Q

Nervous System

A

Organs: Brain, Spinal Cord
Fxns: Fast communication/ control, release neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Endocrine System

A

Organs: Pancreas, thyroid, testes etc
Fxn: Secretes hormone

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8
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Organs: Heart, Blood Vessels
Fxns: transports blood and o2

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9
Q

Lymphatic/Immune System

A

Organs: Lymph nodes, thymus
Fxns: Filters and removes waste, protection

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10
Q

Respiratory System

A

Organs: Trachea, lungs
Fxns: Gas exchange

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11
Q

Digestive System

A

Organs: Esophagus, mouth, stomach etc
fxns: Chemical and physical digestion, excretion, absorption

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12
Q

Urinary System

A

Organs: Kidney, Ureter, Bladder
Fxn: remove nitrogenous waste, regulate pH, H2O, and acid-base balance

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13
Q

Reproductive System

A

Organs: Testes, Vagina
Fxns: Reproduce, produce gametes, produce hormones

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14
Q

Integumentary System

A

Organs: Skin, Hair, Nails
Fxns: Protection, 1st line of defense, absorbs vitamin D, thermoregulation, sensations

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15
Q

Homeostasis

A

Prevents disease, the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite outside changes. Think constant adjustments, dynamic state of equillibrium

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16
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Stimulus is reduced

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17
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Amplifies Stimulus

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18
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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19
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work

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20
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of action

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21
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored Energy

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22
Q

Forms of energy

A

Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, Radiant/ electromagnetic

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23
Q

Chemical energy

A

Stored in the bonds of chemical substances

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24
Q

Electrical Energy

A

Movement of charged particles

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25
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

Movement of matter

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26
Q

Electromagnetic Energy

A

Travels in waves

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27
Q

Atoms

A

Identical building blocks of each element

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28
Q

Proton

A

Charge: +1
Location: Nucleus
Mass: 1 amu
Symbol: p^+

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29
Q

Neutrons

A

Charge: 0
Location: Nucleus
Mass: 1 amu
Symbol: n^0

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30
Q

Electrons

A

Charge: -1
Location: Shells or cloud
Mass: 0 amu
Symbol: e^-

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31
Q

Electron Configuration for Carbon

A

1s2 , 2s2, 2p2.

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32
Q

Electron Configuration for Hydrogen

A

1s1

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33
Q

Electron Configuration for Oxygen

A

1s2 2s2 2p4

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34
Q

Electron Configuration for Nitrogen

A

1s2 2s2 2p3

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35
Q

Nonpolar Covalent bond

A

Equal Sharing of electrons

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36
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

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37
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Involves transfer of electrons from one atom to another

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38
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bonds individually, many together are strong

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39
Q

Hydrophobic bond

A

arise as a consequence of the interaction of their hydrophobic (i.e., “water-disliking”) amino acids with the polar solvent, water.

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40
Q

Molecule

A

2+ atoms held together by chemical bonds

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41
Q

Molecular formula for water

A

H2O

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42
Q

Molecular formula for Ammonia

A

NH3

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43
Q

Molecular formula for Carbon Dioxide

A

CO2

44
Q

Molecular formula for oxygen

A

O2

45
Q

Formula for Sodium Chloride

A

NaCl

46
Q

Formula for Methane

A

CH4

47
Q

Formula for Ethanol

A

C2H6O

48
Q

Formula for Formic acid

A

HCOOH

49
Q

Formula for acetic acid

A

CH₃COOH

50
Q

Formula for lactic acid

A

C3H6O3

51
Q

Formula for carbonic acid

A

H2CO3

52
Q

Formula for hydrochloric acid

A

HCl

53
Q

Formula for Sodium Hydroxide

A

NaOH

54
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Body can’t make these amino acids

55
Q

Non-essential amino acids

A

Body can make these amino acids

56
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

-Occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged or broken
- Relative amounts of reactants and products
- Theoretically reversible
- Chem. equilibrium occurs if neither a forward nor reverse rxn is dominant
- Many biological reactions are not reversible because: Energy requirements, removal of products

57
Q

Reactant

A

Input of a chemical equation

58
Q

Products

A

Output of a chemical equation

59
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates

A

Source of cellular energy, Structural purposes (genes), cell-to-cell interactions

60
Q

Calorie content of carbohydrates

A

4 Cal/ g

61
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides linked

62
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

3-10 monosaccharides linked

63
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many monosaccharides linked together

64
Q

Complex Carbohydrates

A

Polymer(Polysaccharide), chains of carbohydrates linked

65
Q

Main types of lipids in the body

A

Neutral fats, Phospholipids, Steroids, Eicosanoids, Fat soluble vitamins

66
Q

Functions of lipids

A

Source of energy, forms cell membrane, serves as fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), can function as steroids (hormones, membranes, cholesterol), serve as eicosanoids (Role in BP, inflammation and pain)

67
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water-fearing

68
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water-loving

69
Q

Functions of proteins

A

Structure, Energy (4 Cal/g), works as catalyst, transport substances in blood, communicate info to cells, Act as receptors, defend

70
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that speeds up a reaction

71
Q

Substrate

A

A molecule that an enzyme reacts with

72
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Losing H2O, to get a larger product

73
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adding H2O to break bonds

74
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA: 2 strands, double helix, Has thymine
RNA: 1 strand, 1 helix, has uracil instead of thymine

Both found in nucleus during protein synthesis, RNA is also found in the cytoplasm

75
Q

DNA bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

76
Q

RNA bases

A

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

77
Q

Semipermeable

A

Allows certain things to go in and out

78
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Does not require ATP, molecules spread through membranes from an area of high concentration to low concentration

79
Q

Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion

A

Via protein carrier specific for 1

chemical, binding of substrate causes shape change in transport protein

80
Q

Channel-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion

A

Via a channel protein, mostly ions selected on basis of size and shape

81
Q

Active Transport

A

ATP is required

82
Q

Exocytosis

A

Occurs when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing its contents to be released outside the cell

83
Q

Endocytosis

A

The ingestion of large particles (such as bacteria) and the uptake of fluids or macromolecules in small vesicles.

84
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher osmotic pressure than another solution

85
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower osmotic pressure than another solution

86
Q

Isotonic

A

Same amount of osmotic pressure of another osmotic solution

87
Q

Cell

A

Smallest living unit of life

88
Q

Concentration

A

The quantity of a solute that is contained in a particular quantity of solvent or solution

89
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another

90
Q

Relative Strength of Covalent, Ionic and Hydrogen Bonds

A

From strongest to weakest:
Ionic Bond ——> Covalent Bond ——–> Hydrogen Bond

91
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

A+ B —-> AB

92
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

AB ——> A + B

93
Q

Exchange Reaction (Single)

A

A+ BC ——> AC + B

94
Q

Exchange Reaction (Double)

A

AB + CD ——-> AD + CB

95
Q

Location and Purpose of Chromosomes

A

Found in the nuclei of our cells and allow DNA to be accurately copied during cell division

96
Q

Double Helical structure of DNA

A

Antiparallel strands, Sugar +Phosphate backbone, Nucleotides bonded by H bonds

97
Q

Structure of tRNA

A

Typically in the shape of a clover or an L, has two ends, 5’ and 3’ ends. The 5’ end consists of a phosphate group which is attached to the 5th carbon atom of ribose sugar while the other 3’ end has a free OH group on the 3-carbon atom

98
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is being dissolved, substance present in the least amount

99
Q

Solvent

A

Substance doing the dissolving, substance present in the largest amount

100
Q

Structure, function and purpose of the Plasma Membrane

A

Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with imbedded proteins, and carbohydrates

function: Protection from foreign bodies, structure, transport

purpose: Allows materials to go in and out of cell

101
Q

Structure, function and purpose of the nuclear membrane

A

Structure: has lipid bilayer, an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear membrane

function: barrier that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

purpose: protects DNA and RNA that is inside nucleus

102
Q

Structure, function and purpose of the golgi body

A

Structure: made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae, has ubules, vesicles, and vacuoles

Function: Helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules

Purpose: It processes, modifies, and packages proteins and other macromolecules

103
Q

Structure, function and purpose of the lysosomes

A

Structure: Composed of lipids and proteins, with a single membrane covering the internal enzymes

Function: Breaks down excess or worn-out cell parts

Purpose: Cleans up cell waste

104
Q

Structure, function and purpose of the mitochondria

A

Structure: double-membraned, rod-shaped structure, consisting of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes separated by an intermembrane space

Function: Generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions

Purpose: Makes ATP for the cell

105
Q

Pores (Channels)

A

Nonselective structures that discriminate between solutes on the basis of size, allowing the passage of molecules that are sufficiently small to fit

106
Q

Carriers

A

Carrier proteins

107
Q

Pumps

A

Transmembrane proteins

Bio-45 Lecture exams (8 decks)

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