exam 2 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Raina loves playing the card game solitaire on her computer. Whenever she plays, time seems to disappear, and she finds that she isn’t able to think about anything other than the game. For Raina, solitaire helps her achieve:
flow
Bill thinks that if he could just find a wonderful wife, his entire life would be ideal. He thinks of all the great times he will have but never considers the difficulties that are bound to arise. According to research on affective forecasting, Bill is engaging in:
focalism
As you drive in to school, you hear a random radio-show caller arguing that sun exposure really has not been proven to cause skin cancer and that some research suggests that skin cancer is completely genetic and not related to sun exposure at all. At the time, you think that this is a silly argument and that the caller does not know what she is talking about. However, two months later, you go outside without wearing sunscreen and you find yourself remembering that you had read something about how the sun actually does not cause skin cancer. In this situation, ________ has influenced your attitude.
the sleeper effect
Which of the following best describes the overall conclusion of research on expressive writing?
Writing about negative events is beneficial, but writing about positive events is harmful.
Which of the following advertising strategies BEST illustrates an attempt to persuade people through the central route?
Research is presented demonstrating that a particular moisturizing lotion is more effective than other products.
Hedwig just met her friend’s new boyfriend, and her initial impression wasn’t positive. He was so reserved; he barely talked at all. Hedwig then spends some time and energy thinking about all of the good things her friend has told her about him, and considers the fact that sometimes it takes a little while to feel comfortable around new people. She decides he is probably cool after all. In forming this new, positive impression of the boyfriend, Hedwig relied on:
System 2.
Maria, Min, and Bobby ran for class president. When the votes were tallied, Maria received 38 votes, Min received 37 votes, and Bobby received 35 votes. According to Medvec and colleagues’ (1995) study of Olympic athletes’ emotional reactions, one would expect ________ to be the LEAST happy with the election outcome.
Min
Jeff believes in saving the environment but finds himself throwing away aluminum cans because his college campus does not recycle. ________ would predict that he may experience an aversive emotional state due to the inconsistency between his attitudes and his behavior.
cognitive dissonance theory
Karla receives an envelope in the mail. She instantly realizes that it is from her top choice in graduate schools. When she applied in the fall, she was confident, but now just before she opens the envelope she is certain she was not accepted. Karla is clearly demonstrating:
bracing for the worst.
Lola visits Trish in Weston, CT. At some point, Lola asks Trish whether there is a lot of crime in Weston. Although crime rarely occurs there, Trish recalls a recent news story about a Weston drug store robbery. On the basis of this memory, she then tells Lola that there is a lot of crime in Weston. This scenario illustrates reliance on the ____________.
availability heuristic
If Saulo believes he performed poorly on a literature test because he failed to study the night before, he is making a(n) _____ attribution about his behavior.
unstable, dispositional
In class, Linda had to give a “pro-life” speech on abortion. Before her speech, the teacher told everyone that Linda had been assigned to take this position, regardless of her true beliefs about abortion. Research on the fundamental attribution error suggests that, after class, the other students will:
be biased to think that Linda is truly pro-life.
Jackie and Megan are discussing their struggles with a difficult math class. In explaining her poor performance on a recent exam, Jackie declares that she’s just not good at math. In contrast, Megan notes that she probably did not study as hard as she should have and will work to improve her understanding in the future. Jackie is exhibiting a(n) __________________ mindset, whereas Megan is exhibiting a(n) ___________________ mindset.
fixed; growth
According to the research on persuasion, which of the following statements is NOT true?
Attitudes formed through the peripheral route are more resistant to change.
After enduring a painful and humiliating series of initiation rituals, Pat was finally admitted to a social club as a member in good standing. Across town, John was also admitted to a social club, but this club has abandoned hazing as an initiation practice. According to cognitive dissonance theory, which one should be more committed to their fellow club members, and why?
Pat, because of the effects of effort justification
You are asked to design an anti-smoking pamphlet, and you decide to put a frightening photograph of a lung cancer victim on the cover. According to research on fear appeals and the reception-yielding model, you can most increase your chances of decreasing others’ smoking with your pamphlet if you also provide:
suggestions for how to quit smoking.
Wes is an Asian American. If you ask him, he will tell you that he likes European Americans—indeed, many of his closest friends are of European American background. However, if Wes is alone at night walking on the street, he is more likely to startle if a European American approaches him than if an Asian American approaches him. This suggests that Wes:
has a positive explicit attitude and a negative implicit attitude towards European Americans.
In one study, elementary school teachers were told that aptitude tests indicated that certain students would “bloom” intellectually in the coming year, though in reality these students’ names were chosen randomly. At the end of the year, the selected students indeed performed better on aptitude tests compared to other students. This phenomenon is called ________ and is likely driven by ________.
a self-fulfilling prophecy; teacher behavior
People sometimes have to assess whether someone is a member of a particular group. In assessing whether someone is gay or a Republican, for example, we often rely on the ________ heuristic, which sometimes entails figuring out the degree to which ________.
representativeness; someone resembles other members of that category
John is experiencing tension in his life because he always thought of himself as generous and giving. However, when a person in need approaches him for some spare change, he always refuses to give them money. Which of the following is NOT an option to help him reduce this feeling of cognitive dissonance?
Continue on with his beliefs and behavior, and hope he doesn’t encounter anyone asking for money.
In one study of the spotlight effect (Gilovich et al., 2000), participants who arrived individually were asked to put on a T-shirt printed with an image that they found embarrassing. Then, these participants were asked to enter another room where a group of other participants sat. After just a few moments, the T-shirt wearer left the room. Based on what you know about the spotlight effect, what were the results of this study?
T-shirt wearers estimated that about one-half of the group would be able to identify the person pictured on the T-shirt when asked later on by the experimenter, but only about one-quarter of the group members actually made a correct identification.
Imagine the following study. One group of participants is asked to determine whether working out a day before a tennis match makes the player more likely to win, and another group of participants is asked to determine whether working out a day before a tennis match makes a player more likely to lose. Consistent with the confirmation bias, participants in the group examining a connection between working out and winning are most likely to search for information about how many players________ and then ________ their matches.
worked out; won
Vivica finds Dion physically attractive. Judging from his appearance, she assumes that he is also outgoing and honest. Vivica is displaying the:
halo effect.
Recent research reveals that after a conversation, we usually like our conversation partner ________ than they expect us to, because they are thinking _______ about their performance in the conversation than we are.
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