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Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Characteristics of Epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Polarity (Basal and Apical side)
  2. Supported by connective tissue (basement membrane)
  3. Specialized contacts (desmosomes and gap junctions)
  4. Avascular (lack blood vessels)
  5. Can regenerate
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2
Q

What are the functions of Epithelial Tissue?

A

P- protect underlying tissues
E- excrete sweat
A- absorb nutrients
S- secrete (glands within the body)

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3
Q

How many names are given to Epithelial Tissue?

A

Cuboidal
Squamous
Columnar
Transitional

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4
Q

What are the 2 ways to classify Epithelial Tissue?

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

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5
Q

Name the location and function: Simple Squamous

A

Location: Air sacs of lungs, lining of heart

Function: Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration

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6
Q

Name the location and function: Simple Cuboidal

A

Location: Kidney tubules, ducts of small glands like thyroid

Function: Secretion and Absorption

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7
Q

Name the location and function: Simple Columnar

A

Location: Digestive tract, Uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances

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8
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Increase surface area for nutrient absorption

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9
Q

Name the location and function: Simple Pseudostratified Columnar

A

Location: Noncilliated in male’s sperm-carrying ducts, ciliated in the trachea

Function Propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

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10
Q

Name the location and function: Stratified Squamous

A

Location: Epidermis of skin

Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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11
Q

Name the location and function: Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Location: Rare, in some sweat and mammary glands

Function: secretion and excretion and protection

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12
Q

Name the location and function: Stratified Cuboidal

A

Location: limited, small amounts in pharynx, male urethra
Also occurs at transition areas between other epithelia

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13
Q

Name the location and function: Transitional Epithelium

A

Location: Lines ureters and bladder

Function: Stretches readily, permits stores urine to distend

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14
Q

What is carcinoma

A

Cancerous tissue originated in epithelial tissue

Characteristics: continually divide, do not specialize, lose their ability for cell adhesion,
and can penetrate through tissue

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of glands?

A

Exocrine- ducts that open onto surfaces

Endocrine- glands that secrete into tissue fluid or blood- ductless

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16
Q

Types of exocrine glands

A

Unicellular- mucous cells and goblet cells, found in intestinal and respiratory tract, produce mucin

Multicellular- simple glands or compound glands
Cells tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolal

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17
Q

Types of Multicellular exocrine gland secretions

A

Merocrine- most- secrete by exocytosis

Holocrine- Accumulate products and rupture

Apocrine- Accumulates products but only apex ruptures

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18
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Most widely distributed tissue in the body
  2. Consist of cells distributed in the extracellular matrix
  3. Further classified by contents of extracellular matrix
  4. Varying degrees of vascularity (arise from mesenchyme cells)
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19
Q

What are the functions of Connective Tissue

A

M- movement
I- insulation
S- support other tissues
S- storage
P- protect vital organs
A- Attachment of tissues/organs
T- transports
I- immunity

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20
Q

3 structures of connective tissue?

A
  1. Ground substance
    • unstructured material
      fills interstitial space
  2. Fibers
    • Collagen, Elastin,
      Reticular
  3. Cells
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21
Q

Types of Fibers

A

Collagen: strong
Elastin: strong but flexible
Reticular: branched and spongy

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22
Q

What are the 4 classes of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Boone
  3. Cartilage
  4. Connective Tissue Proper
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23
Q

Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Areolar LOOSE CT

A

Cell: fibroblast
Fiber: Collagen, elastic, and reticular
Ex. Hollow organs, most widely distributed tissue

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24
Q

Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Adipose LOOSE CT

A

Cell: Adiposcyte
Ex. Under skin and surface

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25
Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Reticular LOOSE CT
Fiber: reticular Ex. Spleen, lymph nodes, blood vessels
26
Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Regular DENSE CT
Cell: Fibroblast Fiber: Collagen Ex. Tendons and ligaments
27
Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Irregular DENSE
Cell: Fibroblast Fiber: Collagen Ex. Joints and dermis
28
Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: DENSE Elastic
Cell: Fibroblast Fiber: Elastic Ex. Aorta and ligaments
29
Subclasses of Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage
Cell: Chondrocytes (lacunae) No fibers Ex. Ends of bones, rib and sternum
30
Subclasses of Cartilage: Elastic Cartilage
Cell: Chondrocytes Fibers: Elastic Ex. Ear and epiglotis
31
Subclasses of Cartilage: Fibrocartilage
Cell: Chondrocytes Fiber: Collagen Ex. Reinforce ligament or joint after damage, Intervertebral discs, discs of knee joints
32
Subclass of Bone
Cell: Osteocytes Ex. Bone
33
Subclass of Blood
Cell: Eurothrocyte, Leukocytes, Platlets, and plasma Ex. Blood vessel
34
Functions of Nervous Tissue
R- Reception R- Receiving I- Integration R- Response
35
Types of Nervous Tissue
Neuron Neuroglia Location: Brain, spinal cord, and Nerves
36
What are the four types of membrane?
1. CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE- skin, made of epithelial and connective tissue 2. MUCOUS MEMBRANE- Line cavities tubes (open outside), an epithelial overlying layer of alveolar connective tissue, secretes mucus 3. SERSOUS MEMBRANE- lines body cavities (Don't open outside), reduces friction, secretes serous fluid, ex. lungs, heart, periosteun 4. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE- lines joints, secrets synovial fluid, helps lubricate
37
2 ways tissues repair
1. Regeneration- same tissue replaces lost tissue, original function restored 2. Fibrosis- connective tissue replaces lost tissue, original function lost
38
3 steps of tissue regeneration
1. Inflammation 2. Organization restores blood supply 3. Regeneration and fibrosis
39
Tissues that regenerate well?
Epithelial Tissue Bone Alveolar Connective Tissue Dense Irregular Tissue Blood Forming Tissue
40
Tissues that regenerate moderately?
Smooth muscle Dense regular Tissue
41
Tissues that don't regenerate?
Cardiac muscle Nervous Muscle Spinal Chord
42
What tissue is the Epidermis made of?
Stratified Squamous
43
What tissue is the Dermis made of?
Dense irregular, connective tissue, smooth muscle, nervous tissue, and blood
44
What tissue is the Hypodermis made of?
Masses of alveolar tissue, and adipose tissue
45
Layers of epidermis in order?
Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidium (thick skin only) Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale
46
Types of cells in the dermis
Dendritic cells: inform and fight against invasive pathogens Tactile Cells: transmit sensations of light touch
47
How is pigmentation created?
No. of melanocytes Eumelanin (black/brown) Pheomelanin (pink for lips and nipple)
48
Factors for skin pigmentation?
Heredity Environment Psychological
49
What tissue is the dermis?
Strong, flexible connective tissue Cells: Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells
50
What appendages are present in the dermis?
Eccrine sweat gland Arrector pili muscle Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Hair root
51
What kind of tissue is found in the papillary layer?
Areolar loose connective tissue with collagen Fiber elastic with blood vessels
52
Dermal papillae
Contains Meissner corpuscles (touch), Pacinian corpuscle (pressure), make fingerprints in thick skin
53
What kind of tissue is found in the reticular layer?
Dense fibrous connective tissue collagen fibers: provide strength/resiliency Bind water Cleveae lines
54
What are decubitus ulcers?
Pressure ulcers- kill cells ability to divide
55
2 types of skin cancer?
Carcinoma- cancer from epithelial tissue Melanoma- cancer from melanocytes
56
4 appendages of skin
1. hair/follicles 2. Nails 3. Sweat glands 4. Sebascous glands
57
2 types of hair
Vellus: pale fine hair Terminal: thick coarse hair
58
2 different types of skin glands
1. Sebaceous glands 2. Sweat glands - Eccrine glands (skin) - Apocrine glands (hair)
59
Normal body temp?
37 degrees C
60
Hyperthermia vs Hypothermia
Hyperthermia: overheat body temp above 103-105 F, insensible perspiration Hypothermia: body temp drops, varies
61
Boil
Skin infection that starts in the hair follicle or oil gland- white pustule of ring
62
Vesicle
Fluid bumps that look like bubbles
63
Cyst
Infection in the dermis, never comes to surface- forms lumps under skin
64
Wart
Neoplasm caused by virus in deepest part of dermis
65
Urticaria
Hives
66
Pruritus
Itchiness of skin

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