Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Discussion

Answer 1

2 way, discuss, question, role play, feedback Its more fun

Answer 2

used for psychomotor skills, explain, discuss, demonstrate

Answer 3

Do not push people to join in / if you decide to use this, never push somone in; encourage them only not push

Answer 4

think about setting up rules; what type of discipline would you have? How can you have equal participation …ride range of needs and ability, might have limited space and material Break out. Into small groups to have people to speak and not lose their voice in that crowd

Answer 5

PowerPoint, video, posters, pictures, chalkboard, charts, flyers, pamphlets…

Answer 6

language, behavioral issue, visual and hearing impairment, LD

Answer 7

• Obesity • Injuries and accidents • Developmental considerations • Injury and accident prevention • Child maltreatment • Alteration of behavior and mental health problems • Acute illnesses • Chronic health conditions

Answer 8

• Acute illnesses • Smoking • Nutrition • Immunizations • Environmental health

Answer 9

• Menarche • Growth and development • Balance independence • Feminine hygiene • STDs • Prevention of pregnancy • Healthy life style- diet, exercise, smoking Teenage female we are looking at their first time getting their period, its a big deal for them; need them to understand feminine hygiene, prevent pregnancy, we need to discuss STDs This is a hard time for them becaus they are growing and developing; if far behind or shed, they will be self conscious We want them to understand the importance of a healthy lifestyle ; talk to them about diet, exercise and smoking

Answer 10

• Choosing significant other • Life work • Plan for children • Positive health practices • Develop life’s philosophy This is where there are looking for taht significant other, planning for life work and children, with that it is important to know about car safety tips —do they understand how important it is that their car seat is place properly in their car All children. Under age 2, must be rear safet car seat, Talk to them about positive health practices

Answer 11

 Already established  Can make choices r/t chronic illness  Menopause  Hormone replacement  Heart disease- #1 killer, different symptoms  Cancer- 2nd leading cause of death (trachea, bronchus, lung, colon, rectum, anus, breast)  Chronic- substance abuse, eating disorders, chronic fatigue They have made their choices deciding on what they want to do Facing menopause ◦ Creates a lot of changes in body and the vaginal, urinary tract, cardiovascular system, issues with bone density ◦ Need to be doing weight bearing exercises, increases vitamin D, changes in libido, sleep pattern., memory and emotions ◦ C/o hot flashes • usually see high cholesterol, HTN, obesity , diabetes, smoking, inactivity, depression , broken heart syndrome, complications with pregnancy, • osteoporosis (increase vit d and calcium ; ◦ exposure to sunlight for 20mins a day), exercise and need weight bearing (walking, weight limiting, climbing stairs ) limit alcohol consumption ◦ Need to be proactive • Often women of color have poorer health; because of decrease access to healthcare, preventative services and inadequate insurance

Answer 12

of arms, n/v, sweating, lightheaded, extreme fatigue, SOB… many times women are ignored and told they are just stress, you have a family, and busy ..describe as chest pressure, some women have a blockage, and it is the small arteries called “small vessel heart disease”

Answer 13

• Outnumber men • Fixed income • Cope with loss • Find meaning in life • Support- family, friends, spiritual • Satisfied with life, few regrets • Hopefully statisfied with life and few regrets • They have lots of chronic illness and — the nurse needs to encourage preventative services and management of their chronic illness

Answer 14

• Safety and housing r/t falls—Donating money, writing checks, letting people in their house when they shouldn’t • Osteoporosis • Trusting and gullible • Senses decrease • Live alone- outlived spouse • Health change • Housing change Loss of tastebuds: talk to them about safe seasoning and cooking; we dont want the over salting Sense of touch is diminishing: dues to diabetes, stroke, Parkinson’s, and higher increase of pressure ulcers, hypothermia, they can get burns from getting in bath water that is too hot, loss of smell, diminished security of olfactory nerve, they had loss of smell and taste sensation GI tract; issues with bladder tone, and capacity so issues with incontinence, respiratory decrease, elasticy of lung Decrease of ventilation The skin thins; we have atrophy of the sweat glands So for the nurse we think about skin breakdown and easy injury and the sweat glands, we have increase of heat stroke because they are not sweating to cool down

Answer 15

• Decision making – Assessment of the ability of the client to make decisions – Appropriate surrogate decision maker – Disclosure of information to make informed decisions – Level of care needed on the basis of function – Termination of treatment at the end of life • National Center on Elder Abuse / Are they able to make their own decisions? Have they decided who they are going to have them speak for them… have they let their needs be known What point to do we terminate treatment We have to be concern with elder abuse (physical, mental or financial)

Answer 16

Intellectual impairment Immobility Instability Incontinence Iatrogenic drug reactions (e.g., adverse drug reaction)

Answer 17

Dementia Depression Delirium

Answer 18

• Age-related changes in vision usually begin in midlife, then tend to stabilize until around age 70 or 80 when further visual changes occur. • About 95% of individuals over 70 years of age develop cataracts or some other form of vision loss. • Although older individuals can compensate environmentally for many of these changes by increasing illumination, reducing glare, using large, clear visual images, and using higher contrasts between foreground and background materials, they are more likely to experience problems with daily tasks. / Visual acuity decreases, their color discrimination is less acute. Pupil size is constricted, ability decreases, peripheral vision dimension, lens becomes yellow and predisposes them to cataracts; there are at high risk glacoma and increse intraocular pressure

Answer 19

Changes in acoustic acuity begin at midlife. • (60-70) reduced ability to hear low intensity and high frequency sounds pose significant problems for over 1/3 of older individuals. • Presbycusis, or high-frequency loss, makes it difficult to distinguish consonants and understand verbal messages. “That’s the wrong way” may be interpreted as “That’s the long way.” • Use a low-pitched voice and speak slowly. Rephrase your sentence. • Avoid background noise and make sure that your face is in clear view of the listener (to enable lip reading).

Answer 20

• Reduced olfactory function puts older individuals at risk for succumbing to noxious substances in their environment such as leaking gas or spoiled food as well as poor nutrition. • Taste sensation shows only minor changes in late adulthood. The ability to taste salt appears to be moderately diminished, while detection of sweet, sour, and bitter flavors remains relatively unimpaired. • Dental disease, poor oral hygiene, and some medicines can alter the ability to taste. / Poor oral hygiene and some of the medications dry their mouth ; they need better dental hygiene They lose pleasure from eating because it didnt taste like it did; not quite the same

Answer 21

• Strive for independence • Sexual experimentation: straight/gay • Puberty (10-13) • Body image • Risk for testicular cancer • STDs • Substance abuse • Driving- Alcohol – Texting and driving – Texting / Regardless males and females; injuries are the #1 causes of death ; MVA leading causes of death in children and teens No alcohol and driving

Answer 22

MVA, firearms, poisoning, suffocation, falls, fires, drowning Public health- saves lives and billions of dollars in health costs – Car seat – Bicycle helmet – Smoke detector – Poison control center

Answer 23

• Finding career • Healthy lifestyle- exercise, food, rest, work • 2 major killers- heart disease and cancer • Monogamy? Safe sex? • STDs • Substance abuse • Birth control • Few interactions with health care / Hopefully develop a healthy lifestyle Are they finding time to rest and exercise The two major killers: heart disease & cancer Are they haveing safe sex? Or in a monogamy? What type of birth control they are going to use This is the time where many men dont see a healath care provider at any regular time frames;

Answer 24

• Sandwich generation • Midlife crisis • Retirement • Chronic health problems emerge • Promote cardiac health, prevent cancer • Sexual health- prostate, ED / The adult male … this is the sand which generation because they are taking care of their kids and their elder parents; so they are sand which stick in between there Face midlife crisis Time for them to retir ED: this is the one time men will make their doctor appointment

Answer 25

• Retirement- loss of income, status • Chronic disease • Depression- loss of loved ones • Health promotion- flu, pneumonia, HTN At this point, they are retiring, they have that loss of income, loss of status with something they decided on their own or they forced to retire

Answer 26

• Health status indicators • Chronic disease – Cardiovascular disease – Hypertension – Stroke – Diabetes – Mental Illness – Cancer – Weight control

Answer 27

• Adults of color • Incarcerated adults • Lesbian/gay adults • Adults with physical and mental disabilities • Frail older adults

Answer 28

– Senior centers: come on a daily basis ; keeping the senior social (thats important) – Adult day health – Home health and hospice – Assisted living – Long-term care and rehabilitation

Answer 29

• Protects the civil liberties of Americans living with disabilities • Prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, state and local gov’t, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications.

Answer 30

The need for normalcy and certainty • T- training-need for information, education • L- leave the situation periodically- Respite care • C- care for self- sleep, diet, exercise, socialization, financial • Need for partnership • Obstacles – Need for assistive devices – Welfare reform – Missed workdays – Transportation If you look at the family, they have a need of normalcy , need to get info and partnerships How we help them move forward What are the obstacles? We take for granted opening a jar or stepping off a curb

Answer 31

Instructions about a person’s wishes, goals, values regarding what will be done in case one becomes incapable of making decisions

Answer 32

• By 2000, improved nutrition and sanitation, vaccines, and antibiotics had put an end to the epidemics that once ravaged entire populations. • As people live longer, chronic diseases replaced infectious diseases as the leading causes of death.

Answer 33

The number-one cause of death worldwide New killers are emerging, and old familiar diseases are taking on different, more virulent characteristics Old disease- more virulent (Old diseases are back &stronger)

Answer 34

The web of causation Because the triangle only show 3 factors (agent, host, & environment)

Answer 35

A change in the behavior of humans—the host • A change in the behavior of the microbes—the agent • A change in the environment • Things change, right? You think about how the host has changed. Think about people 20, 30 years ago versus people now. How we have changed. Do we move as much? How about our healthy eating? Back then, people cooked, imagine that. I don't know, I know so many families. I don't know, if they eat one home cooked meal a week is a lot, because everybody's so busy. So people are under a lot of stress, little exercise, more smoking, • Change in microbes; it mutates and changes along the way

Answer 36

Infectivity Pathogenicity Virulence Toxicity Invasiveness Antigenicity

Answer 37

ability to enter and multiply in the host

Answer 38

Ability to produce specific clinical reaction after infection

Answer 39

ability to produce severe pathological reaction

Answer 40

ability to produce a poisonous reaction

Answer 41

ability to penetrate and spread throughout tissue

Answer 42

ability to stimulate immunological response

Answer 43

Host’s ability to resist a particular infectious disease-causing agent • If somebody walks in the room and sneezes, I got that, right? You know it, when you are beat down, this is what happens. So, when you're feeling your worst, all the more. You have to sleep, you have to eat, you have to hydrate, you have to exercise. Simple little things you can do for yourself to boost your immunity, right?

Answer 44

immunity to 1 agent provides immunity to another

Answer 45

immunity level that is present in the group

Answer 46

Using antibodies to resist specific diseases

Answer 47

Antibodies produced in the person’s body “I am actively producing antibodies”

Answer 48

Pathogens enter the body in a natural manner E.g., catching a cold “I got the flu” / - resistance acquired as result of precious exposure (ie: had measles)

Answer 49

The pathogen is introduced into the body as a vaccine. E..g., being immunized or vaccinated for polio Or getting the flu shot/vaccination / administration of antigen- produce antibodies (ie: immunization for mumps)

Answer 50

Antibodies from another organism enter the person’s body “Something/Someone gave me the antibodies; I am not making my own”

Answer 51

Antibodies enter a person in a natural manner E.g., antibodies cross the placenta into the fetus ; breast milk / transfer from immunized individual to non-immunized (ie: mother to baby)

Answer 52

Antibodies are injected into a person. E.g., anti-tetanus injections / Occurs immediately but short- lived (ie: immunoglobulin, anti-tetanus injection)

Answer 53

economic impoverishment, war, population growth, migration / Things that are really super crowded, how that affects disease, right? Urbanization, we're really close together, we're sharing things even if we don't want to share them.

Answer 54

transplant, ^antibiotics, immunosuppression think of blood transfusions, so medical care, we're still getting other diseases from it, right? Look at healthcare, we certainly have the overuse of antibiotics, right? Giving them out way too often, how many people come in? It's Friday, I can't be sick this weekend, you just gotta give me something, right?

Answer 55

Globalization of supply Food, we can buy food here that was grown elsewhere. Do they have the same type of criteria that we do? Certainly hope so, but who's guaranteeing that? I don't know,

Answer 56

sexual, drugs, travel, child care I'm here today, tonight I can be in Spain. So whenever I got here, I'm sick today, I brought it and I just contaminated how many people on the plane,

Answer 57

flood, drought, famine, global warming

Answer 58

cut prevention programs

Answer 59

drug resistance, virulence

Answer 60

Vertical & Horizontal

Answer 61

passing from parent to offspring: sperm, placenta, milk, contact in vaginal canal (HIV, syphilis) (Think of a mother giving birth “vertically” whatever the mom has the baby gets)

Answer 62

person to person: indirect/direct contact (STD, pinworm), common vehicle (Hepatitis A- food, Hep B-blood), airborne (Legionnaires’, TB), vector- borne (Lyme- tick, malaria- mosquito) (Think of a two people standing next to each other and passing something “horizontally”

Answer 63

refers to illnesses for which the infectious agent is transmitted by a carrier (vector) E.g.: Lyme disease Maleria Rocky Mountain spotted fever Zoonoses (animal to human) Rabies

Answer 64

Infection = entry, development, multiplication (HIV); thats where its multiplying • Disease is a possible outcome of infection (AIDS)

Answer 65

time from infection to s/s of disease

Answer 66

can infect others (flu- 3-5 days, Hep B- weeks for symptoms to acute and chronic phase)

Answer 67

• Measles • Mumps • Rubella • Pertussis • Influenza • Polio • Tetanus So why are they still here???—Because people are not vaccinated

Answer 68

Most people who get infected will not have any visible symptoms. • About 1 out of 4 people (or 25 out of 100) with will have flu-like symptoms that can include: Sore throat Fever Tiredness Nausea Headache Stomach pain Infected person can spread the virus immediately before and after two weeks after symptoms. It can live in infected person's intestines for many days. Poliovirus is very contagious and spreads through person-to-person contact.

Answer 69

It can contaminate food and water in unsanitary conditions.

Answer 70

Poliovirus only infects people. It enters the body through the mouth. It spreads through: • Contact with the feces (poop) of an infected person • Less common from sneeze or cough An infected person can spread the virus to others immediately before and up to 2 weeks after symptoms appear. • The virus can live in an infected person’s intestines for many weeks. It can contaminate food and water in unsanitary conditions. • People who don’t have symptoms can still pass the virus to others and make them sick.

Answer 71

• Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) given as an injection in the leg or arm, depending on the patient’s age. Only IPV has been used in the United States since 2000. However, Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is still used throughout much of the world; goes into he intestines

Answer 72

Those traveling outside the U.S. need to be aware of and take precautions against diseases they may be exposed to; may return to the U.S. with an “unplanned souvenir”; health professionals taking client history need to consider recent travel by the client • Malaria • Foodborne and waterborne diseases • Diarrheal diseases • Yellow fever • Hepatitis It's cdc.gov forward slash travel. And when you do that, where you're going, it can tell you prevalent diseases. Do you need to be immunized against anything? Are there any vaccines that you need?

Answer 73

infections acquired during hospitalization or developed within the hospital setting – May involve patients, health care workers, visitors, or anyone who has contact with a hospital

Answer 74

procedures to prevent exposure to blood-borne diseases

Answer 75

FALSE Although unpasteurized foods may have a better flavor profile and slightly more nutrients in some cases, you should choose pasteurized foods when possible. Pasteurized foods have been shown to be safer, have a longer shelf life, and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses.

Answer 76

Choose food processed for safety Cook food thoroughly Eat cooked food immediately Store cooked food carefully Reheat thoroughly Avoid contact raw and cooked Wash hands Keep surfaces clean Protect from insects Use pure water

Answer 77

Recognize symptoms of the flu and see a health care provider immediately if you have any of the following: -A temperature of greater than 100°F -A cough -A sore throat -An underlying condition that increases risk Cover your cough or sneeze Wash hands often and keep hands away from your face Stay home and do not travel if you are ill Be prepared for increased illness in your schools and community

Answer 78

• Be aware of threats • Prevention • Immunizations • Surveillance • Control • Teach • Mobilize community participation

Answer 79

Flulike symptoms So a lot of people don't get tested because it comes across just like the flu, so they don't go and get tested. So if it's left untreated, after a little bit of time, it goes to clinical latency, you have no symptoms. And then it moves on to AIDS.

Answer 80

– The primary infections (within about 1 month of contracting the virus) – Clinical latency (body shows no symptoms) – A final stage of symptomatic disease

Answer 81

– Exposure to blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk – HIV is not transmitted through casual contact (shaking hands, hugging)

Answer 82

80% to 90% of HIV-infected persons live for about 10 years. During this prolonged incubation period, clients have gradual deterioration of the immune system and can transmit the virus to other; this happens w.o it being treated

Answer 83

AIDS is the last stage on the long continuum of HIV infection and may result from damage caused by HIV, secondary cancers, or opportunistic organisms. AIDS is defined as a disabling or life- threatening illness caused by HIV, or a CD4 T-lymphocyte count of less than 200/mL with documented HIV infection. Many of the opportunistic infections that affect AIDS patients are caused by microorganisms that are normally present in healthy people. The most common opportunistic diseases are Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and oral candidiasis

Answer 84

because they are living longer with AIDS

Answer 85

• HIV antibody test – Offered in many locations – Screening may be confidential or anonymous • HIV Test Counseling – To receive test results, assess risk – Discuss risk behaviors and how to avoid engaging in them – Develop with the client a risk-reduction plan – Establish the follow-up appointment and posttest counseling – Partner notification and contact tracing • Posttest Counseling – Negative: counsel on risk-reduction activities; make sure client understands test may not be truly negative (6-12 weeks before evidence of HIV antibody) – Positive: counsel about the need for reducing his or her risks and notifying past partners / You want to give a such education as much as you can when somone is being testeted…So there is pre-test counseling and post-test counseling. So they always talked about the importance of when you get them for their pre-counseling, you have to do as much education as possible. They might not come back.How do I change them, right? What do they need to do if they're positive? I need them to hear all this stuff ahead of time, just in case they don't come back.I want to talk about their follow-up appointment and post-test counseling. I want to talk to them about notifying their partners. And again, it's a nice option when the agency's going to call, because I'm not going to say, oh, Billy was here. Pretest: they dont know yet…So the pretest, they don't know. …. before the test, I want to give you as much information as possible in case you get scared Post test: iff they are negative, you still want to talk to them about the risk and using condoms ; we still need to tell them that. There is a window period from the time they got infected to 12 weeks where they might not have delveloped antibodies tthey can get a false negative because the body did not have enough time to produce the HIV antibodies ..they have to wait 12weeks to get tested

Answer 86

12 weeks before evidence of HIV antibody

Answer 87

– Identifying resources such as social and financial support services – Interpreting school and work policies – Assisting employers by educating managers about how to deal with ill or infected workers to reduce the risk of breaching confidentiality or wrongful actions such as termination – Identifying resources such as social and financial support services – Interpreting school and work policies – Assisting employers by educating managers about how to deal with ill or infected workers to reduce the risk of breaching confidentiality or wrongful actions such as termination

Answer 88

– Have multiple sexual partners – Do not use a condom during sex – Have other STDs – Have a sexual partner who has had an STD

Answer 89

usually treatable with antibiotic; however antibiotic-resistant strains of gonorrhea are emerging (e.g., gonorrhea, syphilis, Chlamydia)

Answer 90

cannot be cured (e.g., herpes simplex virus 2; human papillomavirus infection)

Answer 91

– Gonorrhea – Syphilis – Chlamydia – Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (Genital Herpes) – Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV) • Can lead to genital warts- HPV is one of the most common causes of STD in the world and can lead to cancer of the cervix in women

Answer 92

HPV is spread by vaginal, anal, and oral sex with some of the testifiers. It can be transmitted with an infected person who has no symptoms. So that's one of the fallacies that a lot of people think, but they don't look at you and know you're sick. 3 doses of HPV shot Girls as young as 9 years old can take this vaccine; both males and females A lot of girls think, well, I didn't start to menstruate. I don't have to worry. I don't need a condom. I can't get pregnant yet. Yeah, sure. Yes, sure.

Answer 93

– Women are at increased risk for chlamydia if they: • Are 24 years of age or younger and are sexually active • Have previously had chlamydia or another sexually transmitted infection • Have new or multiple sexual partners • Do not use condoms regularly • Exchange sex for money or drugs No symptoms and you're passing this around. If a female has symptoms, okay, it's a vaginal discharge spotting between periods, discharge, burning or pain or urination. With males, urethral discharge ; pregnant women’s pass it to babies during vaginal discharge ; they give abx ; its a bacteria

Answer 94

Neisseria gonorrhoeae- gram negative, intracellular diploccus, infects mucous membrane • Transmitted- genital, oral, anal • s/s- males- purulent, copious urethral discharge, dysuria, or asymptomatic • Female- may be mild and go unnoticed • PID- risk for women without treatment – s/s- fever, abn menses, lower abd pain Its happens often; gonorrhea a chlamydia can happen together or. Person can have both For gonorrhea, this is very common in teenagers, especially males with multiple partners. The nickname, “the drip”.

Answer 95

Caused by spriochete- Treponema pallidum • Primary stage- chancre at site of entry, begins as macula>papule>ulcerates untreated chancre lasts 3-6 wks, then heals • Followed by secondary skin eruption on palms and soles • Secondary- enters lymph system, spreads, rash, lymphadenopathy, mucosal ulceration, sore throat, fever- resolves spontaneously • Followed by latency period • Tertiary- several years later, rare d/t antibiotics • Congenital- rates declining, transmitted transplacentally / You have a secondary skin eruption on the palms and the sole of the feet. At this point, it enters into the lymph system, and you have a rash, but it's not itchy. Okay, you have the swollen glands, the sore throat, the fever. And then it just gets better. No symptoms, right? That's the period of latency, but there's just no symptoms that's going on. And then years later, we have tertiary, okay? Here people die, heart disease, neurological, people go crazy, all kinds of stuff happens. We stop it at stage one How do you know we went this far with what research?— Tuskegee; Where they intentionally, they were watching what happened, they gave people syphilis, and then they watched what happened with them. What the problem was with Tuskegee is the antibiotics came out, they could treat, and they didn't.They left them to see what could happen. So that was the actual horrible thing that they did, okay? So we really don't see it going to the tertiary stage here, where there's blindness and congenital damage, cardiovascular disease, psychosis.We don't see it get there because we have antibiotics, so there's no reason for it to get there.

Answer 96

primary cause of genital herpes – No cure for HSV-2 – Chronic disease – Infects genitals & surrounding skin – After initial infection, virus remains latent and may reactivate - s/s: painful lesions, begin as vesicles, ulcerate, and crust in 1-4days - 50% experience a Prodrome- mild, tingling sensation 48hours prior to eruption to shooting pains legs or hips up to 5 days before - 20% infected - linked to cervical cancer, spontaneous abortion, risk of transmission to newborn

Answer 97

Most often transmitted through the fecal-oral route; sources may be water, food, or sexual contact; often silent in children – Virus level in feces peak 1-2 weeks before symptoms - ^ contagious – Vaccine-preventable disease – ^ risk- travelers to countries with ^ rates, children in areas with ^ rates, IV drug users, men having sex with men, clotting disease, chronic liver disease these are common in areas that have poor food or water hygiene, okay? It's very high in countries such as India, Africa, Middle East, Central, and South America, Mexico, and parts of the Far East, but not Japan. ◦ If a immunoglobulin or they can get the hep A vax within the 1st 2 weeks Sxs: jaundice, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, really dark urine ◦ It clears up within 2 months and then immune for life ◦ The treatment is bed rest and hydration

Answer 98

Vaccinate 2 months before travel.

Answer 99

Spread through blood and body fluids; can survive at room temperature for at least 1 week – Decreased d/t HBV vaccine –who is at risk?: IV drug users, STDs, multiple sex partners, immigrants, refugees, health care workers, hemodialysis clients, inmates, homeless • Blood borne pathogen • Acute infection- self-limited, may develop antibody, life long immunity • Chronic infection- 1-6%, lifelong carrier • HBV vaccination recommended- health care worker, children

Answer 100

– Spread through blood or body fluids – Most common chronic blood-borne infection in the U.S.; leading cause of chronic liver disease, end-stage liver disease, liver cancer, and liver transplants in the U.S. – Incubation 2 weeks – 6 months (avg 7-8 wks) – May be mild- may not seek medical attention – Most develop chronic liver disease- 10 th leading cause of death of adults in U.S.

Answer 101

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Transmission is usually by exposure to tubercle bacilli in airborne droplets from persons with pulmonary TB during talking, coughing, or sneezing. Common symptoms are cough, fever, hemoptysis, chest pains, fatigue, and weight loss. • Critical period- 6-12 months after infection • 5% develop pulmonary TB • 95%- latent, may reactivate later in life • 1/3 of world’s population infected with TB • Second leading cause of death worldwide from infectious disease

Answer 102

– Skin testing with purified protein derivative (PPD) – Followed by chest radiography for persons with a positive skin reaction and pulmonary symptoms So we want to get them their treatment and after they're on their treatment for a few months, they're not contagious anymore. So we're going to do screenings with the PPD and how we all got that little PPD Mantoux test- inject 0.1 ml containing tuberculin units of PPD tuberculin • Read the reaction 48-72 hours after injection • Measure the induration • Record results in millimeters

Answer 103

The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB has prompted the use of directly observed therapy (DOT) in the U.S. and other countries to ensure adherence with drug treatment regimens / We have an emergence of multidrug-resistant TB because people don't take their medications. It's a long time of medication;It's like two to four months of medication. If they stop taking it, it becomes a problem because they can become resistant. directly observe therapy—- So that means if you're somebody that's not compliant, thinking that home care nurse comes to your house every day, they can have you show up in a clinic every day to take your pill, okay?

Answer 104

the PPD, once we insert this, okay, 0.1 mLs and here's the thing, we read it 48 to 72 hours later. So think about it.If you're working in a clinic, you want to be careful of which day of that you can get. Okay, both clinics are closed Saturday and Sunday. Could I give it on Friday?—yes Yeah, can I give it on Thursday? Why? Right, because that was like two days later, Saturday, my three days later is Sunday. So you kind of got to think about when you can and when you can't give it. You're measuring the induration in millimeters, okay? So I'm going to show you that too. So when you give it, the bevel of the needle is up and just puncture under the skin and you want to create that bubble Read reaction 48-72 hours

Answer 105

Measure the INDURATION …not the erythema (look at pic)

Answer 106

• People with HIV infection • Close contacts of person with TB • People who have had TB disease before • HIV and illicit drug status unknown So make sure you got that. What makes somebody positive? Well, if you have all these other issues, you're going to be positive as low as 5 millimeters if you have HIV, if you're close contact with somebody with TB, if you've had it before, you're going to have drug use, okay?

Answer 107

• Foreign-born from areas where TB is common • HIV-negative who inject illicit drugs • Low-income groups • People who live in residential facilities, jail • People with certain medical conditions (diabetes, alcoholism, drug abuse) • Children younger than 4 years • People in groups identified by local public health officials

Answer 108

• All people over age 4 with no risk factors from TB . For healthy adults, you are considered positive if you're 15 millimeters or more. So the thing is, when somebody is discharged from the hospital with TB, we need to educate, right? We need to let them know when, if that they're positive, okay? And say, when you go home, you have to learn how to not prove to spread. We need you to understand good nutrition. Make an appointment before they leave the hospital Have them know the danger signs: If they're coughing, coughing up blood , heartache, fever, night sweats, I need them to get in contact with the doctor and not just say, okay, I have an appointment in three months, I'll go then. No, things are getting worse.

Answer 109

any human-made or natural event that causes destruction and devastation that cannot be relieved without assistance • Accidents, acts of war or terrorism, or environmental mishaps cause disasters • The most recent disasters in this century are associated with global instability, economic downturns, political upheaval with its often accompanying wars or collapse of government, famine, mass population, displacements, and violence and civil conflicts • There are ways to prevent or manage how people and their communities respond to disasters • So how do people respond? A lot has to do with where they've grown up, what they used to. So something that would throw you for a tizzy, other people, not so much…..e.g.,somone growing up in IRAn they go home at a certain time so they wont get killed

Answer 110

-Cause premature deaths, illnesses, and social well-being of the people -Destroy the local health care infrastructure and prevent an effective response to the emergency -Create environmental imbalances, thereby increasing the risk of communicable diseases and environmental hazards -Affect the psychological, emotional, and social well-being of the people - Cause shortages of food and water -Displace populations of people • Psychological, emotional, social well-being. Do you know people that are still affected by COVID, mentally?—-How many people still are terrified to go out in public? I know a lot of people that have turned into homebodies. They don't leave their house. It goes on and on. Think about the children, right? Somebody just said the kids, what happened with them? How many of them that did not go to school, right?They're having trouble socializing. They don't know how to act. They're way behind.

Answer 111

kill quickly and lead to many injuries with other long-term effects

Answer 112

deaths due to mud and ash

Answer 113

immediate drowning, few injuries

Answer 114

increase in diarrheal disease, respiratory infections, and skin diseases

Answer 115

• Mitigation is an effort to prevent identified risks from causing a disaster. • Mitigation involves efforts to lessen the impact of a disaster by initiating measures to limit damage, disease, disability, and loss of life among the members of a community. / • All those things make a difference. So, we want to prepare, okay, how do we mitigate? How do we prevent things from happening, right? So, you're doing your risk analysis of this area. We're going to find out what can we do to the risk. We're talking about, if you know people that live in a flooding area, what can we do? We need to prevent the flooding, move off, raise the houses, all those kinds of things.

Answer 116

- Although disasters do not occur with frequency, planning with vulnerability assessment can reduce the impact on the community. • Identification of hazards • Analysis of vulnerability • Assessment of risk • How prepared are you? / Some areas get hit all the time, they're really used to it, they know what to do. Because we need to identify what the hazard are.We have to find out what's vulnerable. We have to look at the risk involved. So, when it comes to your plan, you need to have a simple but realistic plan.If there's all kinds of jumping through hoops, you know what's going to happen. It needs to be simple, it needs to be realistic. How are we going to make that difference?

Answer 117

Stage1: Preparedness Stage 2: Response Stage 3: Recovery

Answer 118

• Personal Preparedness (e.g.,Personal checklist, Emergency supplies kit ) • Professional Preparedness (Nurse understands workplace and community disaster plans and participates in disaster drills and community mock disasters) • Community Preparedness (Office of Emergency Management (OEM),Nurse reviews disaster history of the community) • Mass Casualty Drills or Mock Disasters

Answer 119

• *3- day supply of water (1 gallon/person/day) • Change of clothes, protective footwear, blanket, sleeping bag/person • First-aid kit with prescription meds • Emergency tools, battery radio, flashlight, batteries • Candles and matches • Extra set car keys, credit card, cash, picture ID, proof of address • Sanitation supplies • Supplies for infants, elderly, disabled / • I will tell you that any time there's a storm coming, I go to the bank, I get money, if we lose electric. Are you using ATM? No, it's not working.…so yo get money fist …. Fill up gas tanks for each car; get your cash. Whatever storm it is (snow, rain)

Answer 120

• Copy of professional license • Valid driver’s license • Red Cross training courses information • Name badge • Watch • First-aid kit • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Flashlight, batteries • Raincoat, jacket, sweater • 3 week supply- contact lenses, prescriptions • Clothing- 10 days / • So you need to be aware and know your disaster plan at work. Does that mean it was a community disaster plan? Depending on how in a way you work, what do you do?You should know the disaster area of your community. Have a realistic plan. Do they ever enact a mock community drill? And do they have a disaster warning system?Who are they calling? What are they doing? Things to think about. Who responds? So the level of disaster and the agencies that are involved is on the type of disaster that there is. • Get your license the portable one and carry it with you ; so people can know that you are really a nurse

Answer 121

The role of the nurse in disaster response depends on nurse’s experience, professional role in a community disaster plan, specialty training, and special interest Shelter Management, Triage RPM, International Relief Efforts , Psychological Stress of Disaster Workers ,

Answer 122

1. Disaster type 2. Disaster level 3. Disaster scope • So we look at the disaster type. So the type was caused. It was a fire. It wasn't an accident. The level is the cause. And the scope looks at the magnitude.How many great cause units? The national response plan. That's what we call that when it exceeds our state and local government capacity. So that's what we know we need more than that.

Answer 123

Physical and emotional effects depend on *Type, cause, and location *Magnitude and extent of disaster *Duration of disaster and amount of warning People react to the same disaster in different warning ways, depending on their age, cultural background, health status, social support structure, and general ability to adapt to crises

Answer 124

- Help people cope with the aftermath of terrorism – Allay public concerns and fears of bioterrorism – Identify the feelings that you and others may be experiencing – Assist victims to think positively and to move to the future – Prepare nursing personnel to be effective in a crisis/emergency situation

Answer 125

• Standardized • Basic information • Color coded • Means of attachment • Tear-off sections for tracking • Need to apply new tag when re-triaging Look a pic** R <30 P>2 M- Can do

Answer 126

Classification: Critical, IMMEDIATE, LIFE-THREATENING Condition: Unstable, immediate intervention Altered RPM

Answer 127

Classification: Serious Condition: Stable, may deteriorate RPM normal

Answer 128

Classification: Delayed Condition: Injured/ill, stable Walking wounded

Answer 129

Classification: Morgue Dead/dying Condition: Dead or nonsalvageable (not able to be saved )with given resources

Answer 130

Primary observations to assess patients • Respiration • Perfusion • Mental Status

Answer 131

Immediate (red)

Answer 132

Continue assessment (Meaning moving on to Perfusion/Circulation)

Answer 133

Quickly clear mouth and open airway If breathing after that, =immediate - need airway assistance = immediate

Answer 134

Breathing >30 bpm Struggling to breath (after repositioning and need airway assistance)

Answer 135

Radial pulse check Blanch test

Answer 136

Immediate (red)

Answer 137

Move to next indicator (Meaning the mental status)

Answer 138

Capillary refill

Answer 139

controversial because suppose they are a smoker or have poor circulation because of their hxs

Answer 140

Simple vocal command: •“Open your eyes,” “Close your eyes,” “Squeeze my hand”

Answer 141

Delayed (yellow)

Answer 142

Immediate (red)

Answer 143

Can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person -Result in high mortality rates -Have the potential for major public health impact -Might cause public panic and social disruption, and require special action for public health preparedness

Answer 144

1. Detecting the outbreak 2. Determining the cause 3. Identifying factors that place people at risk 4. Implementing measures to control the outbreak 5. Informing the medical and public outbreak communities about treatments, health consequences, and preventive measures

Answer 145

• Spread easy • High mortality rate • Public panic • Impact national security • Special training for response • Easy to obtain • Over-whelm medical resources

Answer 146

A rash then appears on the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx and on the forearms and face, then spreads to the trunk and legs (centrifugal). If there was an outbreak of smallpox today, it would be that doctors wouldn't even realize it was in its early stages. Therefore, it would have the opportunity to spread because nobody would recognize it, okay? Even one confirmed case of smallpox is an international health emergency. There's no cure for smallpox, okay? It just runs its course, it just takes its time. That's what it looks like. Smallpox is transmitted person to person. And as I said, it was eradicated by 1980. There's no treatment. We don't use the vaccine anymore. Your treatment is just relieving symptoms, okay?Fever, headache, fatigue, back pain

Answer 147

The difference btwn small poc and chicken pox: chicken pox starts at different times; some are scabbing or healing and some are starting and small pox start at the same time and heal at the same time

Answer 148

Unlike biological agents, which require an incubation period before symptoms appear, a chemical agent, when released, makes its presence known immediately through observation (explosion), self-admission (accidental), or the occurrence of rapidly emerging symptoms, such as burns, difficulty breathing, or convulsions. / So we've heard of them spraying gases on subways and so on in other parts of the world where they've done that to hurt as many people as they can while they're on that. Or they do an explosion. Or sometimes something could be accidental, right? Something spilled. So here it's rapid symptoms. You can see burns, difficulty breathing.

Answer 149

Stay or go, the evaluating factors include the following: -The hazardous material involved -The population threatened -The time span involved -The current and predicted weather conditions -The ability to communicate emergency information / What does weather have to do with this? Dispersal or not, it has to be windy or something. Yeah, okay. So if it's windy, we're spreading it. We're spreading it toward whatever direction we're in. Air quality

Answer 150

The health outcome depends on the following: • Dirty bombs -The amount or dose of radiation absorbed The type of radiation -The route of exposure -The length of time exposed to the dose / How much was that person exposed to? What was the type? What was the route? What length of time?

Answer 151

Nurses make ideal shelter managers and team members because they are comfortable with dealing with aggregate health promotion, disease prevention, and emotional support / So as nurses, you might be called to run a shelter. There was a big fire in Long Beach, and what they did is they figured they'd open up one of the schools.What do people need? What do they have with them? You'll see pictures, how close people are in shelter. So what you got, you're sharing what you need.

Answer 152

The degree of stress depends on the nature of the disaster, role in the disaster, individual stamina, noise level, adequacy of work space, potential for physical danger, stimulus overload, and especially, being exposed to death and trauma

Answer 153

Recovery occurs as all involved agencies pull together to restore the economic and civic life of the community

Answer 154

-Teach proper hygiene and make sure immunization records are current – Make referrals to mental health professionals – Be alert for environmental hazards – Assess dangers of live or dead animals – Case finding and referral

Answer 155

• Continuing death, chronic illness, and/or disability • Population shift if recovery is prolonged • Contamination of food and water supplies, with an increased risk of infectious diseases • Collapse of local and regional health care access • Increased need to provide mental health services— “psychological first aid” for disaster victims and responders

Answer 156

• Public health nurses as first responders • Just in time training • Field triage • Point of distribution plans (POD)- Public Points of Distribution (PODs) are centralized locations where the public can pick up life sustaining commodities following a disaster or emergency. • Personal protective equipment • Documentation in a disaster • Skill building for disaster response

Answer 157

• Scope and magnitude of response • Communication during a disaster • Recovery and after action evaluation

Answer 158

(the application of ionizing radiation to food) is a technology that improves the safety and extends the shelf life of foods by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects. Like pasteurizing milk and canning fruits and vegetables, irradiation can make food safer for the consumer. Reduction of bacterial pathogens Kills living cells of organisms damaged and cannot survive Does not affect taste, no change in nutrients, does not sterilize

Answer 159

• Environmental hazards surround us – This means that there are 52 million homes in America that have paint containing lead, which can be harmful if ingested or inhaled. Additionally, 30 million Americans are drinking water that does not meet EPA safe drinking water standards, potentially putting their health at risk. Furthermore, 50% of Americans live in areas where the air quality does not meet the national standards set by the EPA, which can also have negative effects on their health. • Nurses need to know how to assess for environmental health risks and develop educational and other preventive interventions to help individuals, families, and communities understand and, where possible, decrease the risks

Answer 160

• How certain contaminants affect human health? • How to assess exposures to contaminants? • How the environment influences health? • How to live as a population while maintaining a healthy environment?

Answer 161

the basic science that studies the health effects associated with chemical exposures Study of adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment.

Answer 162

the science that helps us understand the strength of the association between exposures and health effects in human populations – Epidemiology triangle: agent, host, and environment

Answer 163

1. Everything is connected to everything else 2. Everything has to go somewhere 3. The solution to pollution is dilution 4. Today’s solution may be tomorrow’s problem / 1. Everything is connected to everything else: Cutting down trees in the Amazon rainforest leads to habitat loss for animals like jaguars and affects the entire ecosystem. 2. Everything has to go somewhere: Dumping plastic waste into the ocean leads to marine pollution and harms marine life. 3. The solution to pollution is dilution: Releasing air pollutants into the atmosphere may seem like they will disperse harmlessly, but they can contribute to air quality issues and respiratory problems for people living nearby. 4. Today’s solution may be tomorrow’s problem: Using pesticides to increase crop yields can lead to pesticide-resistant pests in the future, requiring even stronger chemicals to control them.

Answer 164

Exposure pathway: In the context of environmental assessment, the process involves evaluating and analyzing various aspects related to contaminants in the environment. This includes identifying the source of contamination, assessing how contaminants move through different environmental media, determining where exposure to contaminants is likely to occur, understanding how people or organisms may come into contact with the contaminants, and identifying the populations that are at risk or affected by exposure. - Source of contamination: This refers to the origin or cause of the contaminants in the environment. Sources of contamination can include industrial facilities, agriculture, landfills, transportation, and other human activities that release pollutants into the environment. - Environmental media and transport: Environmental media refers to the air, water, soil, and biota (living organisms) that serve as pathways for contaminants to move through the environment. Understanding how contaminants are transported through different environmental media is important for assessing potential risks to human health and ecosystems. - Point of exposure: This is the specific location or area where individuals or populations come into contact with contaminants. Points of exposure can include areas near contaminated sites, workplaces with occupational exposures, or residential areas with poor air quality or contaminated water sources. - Route of exposure: This refers to the way in which contaminants enter the body or affect living organisms. Routes of exposure can include inhalation (breathing in contaminated air), ingestion (drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food), dermal contact (skin exposure to contaminants), and other pathways through which contaminants can enter the body. - Receptor population: This refers to the people, wildlife, or ecosystems that are potentially affected by exposure to contaminants. Identifying the receptor population helps environmental assessors understand who is at risk, how exposure may impact different groups, and how to prioritize interventions and strategies to reduce exposure and protect public health and the environment.

Answer 165

• Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment. • An exposure estimate determines a person’s level of exposure to a contaminant. • Bioavailability is the amount of a contaminant that actually ends up in the systemic circulation. • Biomonitoring is the process of using medical tests such as blood or urine collection to determine if a person has been exposed to a contaminant and how much exposure he or she has received

Answer 166

Determines a person's level of exposure to a contaminant.

Answer 167

Amount of a contaminant that actually ends up in the systemic circulation. Think of it as the dose absorbed by the body.

Answer 168

Process of using medical tests (e.g., blood or urine collection) to determine if a person has been exposed to a contaminant and the amount of exposure received.

Answer 169

• Environmental Exposure History • “I PREPARE” • Identify current or past exposures. • Eliminate exposures • Try and mitigate or reduce a client’s adverse health effects from exposures.

Answer 170

Types of questions to consider: • Has the exposure pathway been interrupted? • What does the community think about the intervention— are people satisfied? • How has people's health improved? • How many people did the intervention affect? • Can the intervention demonstrate any cost savings? • Is the evaluation sustainable?

Answer 171

– Windshield survey – Environmental databases – Environmental health assessment form – Inquire/observe about unintended environmental exposures

Answer 172

• Limited availability of data on many contaminants and their effect on health • Limited understanding about how exposures to multiple contaminants may sicken people • Latency between exposure and illness can be very long • Time consuming to perform • Resource intensive in terms of personnel and money • Inconclusive in determining if X contaminant caused Y illness

Answer 173

the public has a right to know about hazardous chemicals in the environment

Answer 174

a process to determine the probability of a health threat associated with an exposure

Answer 175

Children & Pregnant women Think about the vulnerable populations that you're working with. Because we think about children, their bodies are developing. They breathe much more fast, much quicker than an adult.Their behavior is very different. When you think about a child, you're not gonna eat something that fell on the floor where a kid is going to be.You're not putting your hands in the mouth. There's so many things that you're not doing that a child is doing. And those behaviors put them so much more at risk than we do.Their body works different. They have a different blood-brain barrier. And when children are at risk, the problem is they develop learning disabilities, behavioral disorders, product diseases, such as asthma and cancer.

Answer 176

• Body systems are still rapidly developing • Eat more, drink more, and breath more in proportion to their body size than adults • Breathing zone is closer to the ground than adults • Bodies may be less able to break down and excrete contaminants • Behaviors can expose them to more contaminants *pic**

Answer 177

• Naturally occurring element- manufacturing, industry • Health problems from overexposure- anemia, birth defects, bone damage, neurological, kidney • Exposure- ingestion & inhalation • Children- ^ risk from eating peeling lead paint • ^ blood levels in children decreased 1984-1994 due to removal of lead in gasoline • Occupation exposure- major source for adults

Answer 178

Anemia Birth defects Bone damage Neurological (brain) Kidney Liver

Answer 179

Ischemic heart disease & stroke

Answer 180

Intellectual disability Underperforming at school Behavioral issues

Answer 181

the right information to the right people at the right time

Answer 182

Manages environmental exposures through the development and enforcements of standards and regulations – Educates public about risks and risk reductions –Environmental Protection Agency; Food and Drug Administration; Department of Agriculture; local health department

Answer 183

the belief that no group of people should bear a disproportionate share off negative environmental health consequences regardless of the following: • Race • Culture • Income

Answer 184

• Nurses have responsibilities to be informed consumers and to be advocates for citizens in their community regarding environmental health issues • Environmental Justice: equal protection from environmental hazards for individuals, groups,or communities regardless of race, ethnicity, or economic status • Unique Environmental Health Threats – Health care settings – Synthetic chemicals – Dioxin

Answer 185

Assess and detect hazards • Provide information • Report serious threats • Develop and implement school-based and workplace wellness programs • Aid in formulation of public policy and legislation • Help prevent excessive exposure • Help facilitate behavior change in people • Community involvement and public participation • Individual and population risk assessment • Risk communication • Epidemiologic investigations • Policy development

Answer 186

True Approximately 97% of all health care dollars are spent for individual care while only 3% is spent on population level health care. The current health care system is at the point where it is not affordable.

Answer 187

dont have the knowledge or education and dont have the money to afford the doctor, healthy foods ; cant eat the right foods

Answer 188

is the science concerned with the use of resources, including the producing, distributing, and consuming of goods and services / Economics is like the study of how people and societies make decisions about money, jobs, and things they buy and sell. It's about figuring out how resources like money, time, and materials are used to produce goods and services, and how these things are shared and used by different people. Economics helps us understand why prices go up or down, how businesses decide what to make, how people choose what to buy, and how governments can try to improve the economy. It's all about how we manage our resources and make choices to make our lives and the world around us better.

Answer 189

Health economics examines the ways in which scarce resources affect the health care industry / In essence, health economics seeks to understand how the availability of limited resources, such as money, healthcare professionals, and medical technology, affects the overall functioning and outcomes of the healthcare sector.

Answer 190

Public health economics then focuses on the producing, distributing, and consuming of goods and services as related to public health

Answer 191

The goal of public health finance is “to support population- focused preventive health services”

Answer 192

Forces Stimulating Change Demographic Changes: - Aging population: - Baby boomers are getting older and require more healthcare as they age. - Baby boomers are taking better care of themselves and are more responsible for their health. - Declining birth rate: - People are delaying having children until their 30s, resulting in fewer children per family. - Immigration: - Lack of health insurance for immigrants affects their healthcare access. - Decrease in the number of families: - More single heads of households due to various factors. - Millions of Americans lack health insurance. - Children of undocumented parents can still access health insurance through programs like SCHIP. - Death due to chronic and degenerative diseases: - Higher prevalence of chronic diseases affects healthcare needs. - Changing employment status: - Reasons for being uninsured include high insurance costs and changing employers. - Outreach efforts to educate individuals about insurance options and availability. These demographic shifts and socioeconomic factors are influencing the healthcare industry and healthcare access for various population groups.

Answer 193

Forces Influencing Healthcare 1. Consumer Preferences: - Desire for lower costs, high-quality healthcare, fewer restrictions, and more choices in healthcare providers. 2. Employer Needs: - Preference for accessible basic healthcare at reasonable costs for their employees. 3. Managed Care Plans: - Aim for a better balance between meeting consumer demands and controlling costs for purchasers. 4. Legislation: - Laws and regulations enacted to shape the healthcare system. In healthcare, consumers typically seek more services and higher quality, while employers aim for cost-effective options and managed care plans strive to strike a balance between meeting consumer expectations and controlling expenses. The healthcare system is influenced by economic factors, which prompt rapid changes in how healthcare services are delivered and managed.

Answer 194

- The Uninsured: - Individuals without health insurance coverage face barriers to accessing healthcare services, impacting resource allocation. - The Poor: - Socioeconomic status can affect the healthcare options available to individuals, leading to disparities in resource allocation. - Access to Care: - Availability and affordability of healthcare services can influence how resources are allocated and distributed to different populations. - Rationing Health Care: - Process of prioritizing and distributing healthcare resources to maximize benefits and address needs within budget constraints. - Medicaid: - Government program providing health coverage to low-income individuals and families, impacting resource allocation in healthcare. - Safety Net Providers: - Healthcare providers that offer services to uninsured and underinsured populations, playing a role in resource allocation for vulnerable groups. - Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act: - Legislation aimed at expanding access to healthcare, regulating insurance practices, and improving the quality of care, impacting resource allocation in the healthcare system. These factors and programs play a significant role in how healthcare resources are allocated and distributed, particularly in addressing the needs of vulnerable populations and ensuring access to care for all individuals.

Answer 195

• Given that economics in general and health care economics in particular are concerned with resource use and decision making, any discussion of the economics of health care must consider past and current health care spending. • Past spending reflects past decision making; likewise, past decisions reflect the values and beliefs held by society and policy makers that undergird policy making at any given point in time.

Answer 196

• Demographics Affecting Health Care (Age distribution, population growth, and changing demographics impact healthcare utilization and costs.) • Technology and Intensity (Advances in medical technology and the increased intensity of healthcare services contribute to rising healthcare costs.) • Chronic Illness

Answer 197

Health Legal Organization that only pays for doctors that are in your plan.You go out of your plan, they're not paying for it. “Only pay home”

Answer 198

Preferred Provider's Organization. So, if you stay in your network, it pays more of it.If you go out of your network, it'll pay for some of it, but not as much.

Answer 199

you choose whatever you want. You finally go and everything's paid for the same, which is pretty cool, but obviously, you're not getting that too much anymore.

Answer 200

part of the Social Security Act of 1965 is a federal insurance program for individuals over the age of 65 or those with certain disabilities.

Answer 201

is financed by federal payroll tax and covers hospital stays, skilled nursing care, home care, and hospice services.

Answer 202

is supplemental/voluntary and covers expenses such as doctor visits, lab tests, and x-rays. The cost of PART B can vary each year and is influenced by income levels.

Answer 203

Medicare is a Health Insurance Program for: • People age 65 or older. • People under age 65 with certain disabilities. • People of all ages with End-Stage Renal Disease (permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or a transplant). • Medicare has Two Parts: • Part A (Hospital Insurance) Most people don't have to pay for Part A. • Part B (Medical Insurance) Most people pay monthly for Part B.

Answer 204

– Hospital care* – Skilled nursing care (limited) – Home care – Hospice

Answer 205

PART B *Supplemental $$ includes all items from Part A plus: – Medical (doctor, Diagnostic service, Physiotherapy) – Premium -monthly Under Medicare Part B, supplemental insurance coverage can be purchased to enhance the basic benefits provided by Part A. This supplementary coverage typically includes medical services such as visits to doctors, diagnostic tests, and physiotherapy. Additionally, individuals are required to pay a monthly premium for this supplemental coverage, which may vary based on the plan and services included. The combination of Medicare Part B and supplemental insurance offers a more comprehensive range of medical services and coverage for individuals enrolled in these programs.

Answer 206

1. Reasonable and Necessary: - Services or treatments must be deemed reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of a medical condition to qualify for Medicare reimbursement. 2. Completed Plan of Care (POC): - Healthcare providers must have a documented and approved plan of care outlining the necessary services and treatments required for the patient's condition. 3. Skilled Services: - Medicare reimburses healthcare services that require the skills of trained medical professionals, such as nurses, therapists, or physicians. 4. Homebound: - Patients must be homebound, where leaving the home requires a considerable effort or assistance, for certain eligible services to be reimbursed. 5. Part-time/Intermittent: - Medicare covers services that are provided on a part-time or intermittent basis, rather than full-time or continuous care, as long as they meet the other reimbursement criteria. These criteria help ensure that Medicare reimburses services that are medically necessary, provided by qualified professionals, and essential for the patient's health and well-being. Care plans, skilled services, and adherence to Medicare's coverage guidelines are critical for reimbursement eligibility.

Answer 207

Nursing Physical therapist Speech therapist • Skilled observation and assessment • Teaching- Must include new information, not just reinforcement • Skilled procedures – Wound care , Dressing changes

Answer 208

• Client has difficulty in mobility and leaves home only for medical appointments • Must document homebound status • Must need more than nursing PT, OT The client must require skilled healthcare services, such as physical therapy (PT), occupational therapy (OT), or other specialized care, in addition to nursing services.

Answer 209

• Financial assistance to counties and states to pay for services of poor older adults, disabled, dependent children • Assistance program for poor individuals. • Jointly sponsored by Federal /State • Eligibility based on income and assets • Covers both skilled and unskilled

Answer 210

Medicaid is a program for New Yorkers who can't afford to pay for medical care. Medicaid is a government program that offers healthcare coverage and financial assistance to low-income and disabled individuals who are uninsured or underinsured. Eligibility is based on income and other criteria, such as disability status. Medicaid covers a wide range of medical services, including inpatient and outpatient care, X-rays, lab tests, and doctor visits. While it provides vital support, there may be limitations for pre-existing conditions and some providers may not accept Medicaid. When considering universal healthcare coverage, individuals need to evaluate what services would be covered and any potential exclusions. In New York, Medicaid assists those who cannot afford medical care, ensuring essential healthcare services are accessible to those in need.

Answer 211

-You have high medical bills. -You receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI). -You meet certain income, resource, age, or disability requirements.

Answer 212

Inpatient and outpatient hospital care Lab and radiology services Physician services Skilled nursing care at home or in a nursing facility for individuals 21 years and older Early screening, diagnosis, and treatment for individuals under 21 years old

Answer 213

-Clients with preexisting conditions may face challenges as those conditions may not be covered by insurance. -Some physicians may not accept Medicaid clients due to reimbursement rates. -Certain medical interventions may not be covered by Medicaid.

Answer 214

Simplified Explanation: - Behavior and lifestyle choices have the most significant impact on our health, while environmental factors and genetics also play a role in causing illnesses. - Even though behaviors and the environment greatly influence health outcomes, most healthcare spending typically goes towards treating advanced stages of illnesses (secondary and tertiary care) rather than focusing on preventive measures.

Answer 215

- Nurses should prepare for changes in healthcare financing by understanding the costs of nursing services, identifying areas for safe cost savings, and learning how economic principles impact nursing practice. - Nursing should focus on enhancing the nation's health, defining its value to national health, determining the worth of nursing care, and ensuring its financial sustainability in the healthcare market. - Nurses play a crucial role in reshaping the healthcare system by leading the development of new care models for effective, high-quality services, and by taking a more active role in assessing client care and nursing performance. - Nursing leadership can enhance decision-making on allocating limited healthcare resources, advocating for primary prevention to enhance population health outcomes.

Exam 2 Flashcards

(247 cards)