FINAL Flashcards

Question

What are the four groups of people who represent members of vulnerable populations?

Answer 1

The poor, the homeless, pregnant teens, and those who are mentally ill—present complex nursing needs. • Understand your own beliefs about these groups. • Identify health care needs, barriers to care, and essential health care services for each of these groups.

Answer 2

– Perspectives about individual responsibility for health and well-being are influenced by prevailing cultural attitudes. Consider your personal beliefs and attitudes, clients’ perceptions of their condition, and the social, political, cultural, and environmental factors that influence the client’s situation.

Answer 3

- Consider cultural attitudes: Be mindful of cultural attitudes and beliefs in interactions with clients. - Media influence: Reflect on how media messages may impact your perceptions and attitudes. - Self-reflection: Consider your own personal beliefs and attitudes before engaging with clients. - Awareness of biases: Be aware of potential biases and stereotypes that may influence your behavior and language. - Communication cues: Clients can pick up on nonverbal cues, so be conscious of your facial expressions, language, and actions to ensure respectful and empathetic interactions.

Answer 4

• Poverty and homelessness affect people’s health status • To understand poverty, homelessness, mental illness, and teen pregnancy, consider your personal beliefs and attitudes, clients’ perceptions of their condition, and the social, political, cultural, and environmental factors that influence the client’s situation / So when you think about there are health problems that they really are a cause and effect type of thing, because you talk about homelessness. So homelessness, think about how many diseases can cause homelessness, and then you think about being homeless, how many diseases that you can get.

Answer 5

Poverty on the basis of income, family size, age of the head of household, and number of children younger than 18 years – Those who are poor insist that poverty has less to do with income and more to do with a lack of family, friends, love, and support

Answer 6

• Decreased earnings • Increased unemployment rates • Change in labor force • Increase in female-head of households • Inadequate education • Inadequate antipoverty programs • Inadequate welfare benefits • Weak enforcement of child support • Dwindling Social Security payments • Increase number of children to single mothers / Not enough anti-poverty programs, and add welfare benefits, child support, very difficult to enforce that. With social security, you look at seniors, there's a number of people that are working with seniors. We know they are on a fixed income, okay? So when that doesn't get increased, now what?

Answer 7

– Higher rates of chronic illness – Higher infant morbidity and mortality – Shorter life expectancy – More complex health problem – More significant complications and physical limitations resulting from chronic disease – Hospitalization rates three times more than for persons with higher incomes / So poverty, higher rates of chronic illness, because they're not going for regular checkups, right? So a simple thing becomes a chronic thing.

Answer 8

• Point-in-time-counts • Period prevalence count Conducting point-in-time counts and period prevalence assessments can help estimate the number of people experiencing homelessness, but may not capture the full extent of the issue.

Answer 9

This legislation aims to provide assistance, protection, and improvement of the lives and safety of individuals experiencing homelessness, with a focus on children and families.

Answer 10

Challenges with shelters: While homeless shelters exist as a resource, individuals cannot be forced to utilize them. Some may perceive shelters as more dangerous than sleeping on the streets. Safety concerns: It's important to address safety concerns in shelters and ensure that individuals experiencing homelessness have access to safe and supportive resources. Comprehensive support: Efforts should focus on providing comprehensive support to individuals experiencing homelessness, addressing not only immediate needs but also working towards long-term solutions for housing stability.

Answer 11

*Lacks a fixed, regular and adequate night-time residence • Has a primary night time residency that is: – Supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations – Institution that provide temporary residence

Answer 12

Federal law mandates that homeless children have the right to attend the public school district from which they moved or remain at their school of origin, with transportation costs covered.

Answer 13

- Addressing basic needs: When homeless children attend school, there may be challenges related to personal hygiene, access to clean clothes, and basic amenities that are typically taken for granted. - Support from school staff: School nurses, teachers, and staff play crucial roles in supporting homeless students by providing access to showers, clean clothes, and other essential resources. - Collaborative efforts: Schools can work with local organizations, community resources, and government agencies to ensure that homeless children have access to the support they need to thrive academically and personally. - Advocacy and awareness: Continued advocacy for homeless children and families is essential to address systemic issues and provide meaningful support to those experiencing homelessness.

Answer 14

– Increase in numbers of people living in poverty – Diminishing availability of low-cost housing – Increased unemployment – Substance abuse – Lack of treatment facilities for mentally ill persons – Domestic violence – Family situations causing children to run away

Answer 15

• Lives are marked by hardship and struggle • Transient or episodic • Brief stay in shelter / Crisis poverty refers to a temporary period of hardship or financial instability that is shorter in duration and typically triggered by a specific event such as a natural disaster. Examples of crisis poverty may include situations where individuals are forced to seek shelter due to a sudden event like a hurricane, flood, or other natural disaster. Individuals experiencing crisis poverty may find temporary refuge in shelters or emergency housing facilities as they navigate through the immediate aftermath of the crisis.

Answer 16

Chronically homeless • Many with mental or physical disabilities • Disability often co-exist with alcohol/drug abuse • Chronic health problem • Chronic family difficulties / Chronic homelessness is a persistent cycle of housing instability passed down through generations, often tied to factors like mental and physical disabilities, substance abuse, chronic health issues, and family conflicts. Those experiencing chronic homelessness face social isolation, abandonment, and multiple barriers to accessing support and resources.

Answer 17

– Hypothermia and heat-related illnesses – Infestations and poor skin integrity – Peripheral vascular disease and hypertension – Diabetes and nutritional deficits – Respiratory infection and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases – Tuberculosis (TB) – HIV/AIDS – Trauma – Mental illness – Use and abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs

Answer 18

- Homeless individuals may face extreme weather conditions, poor living conditions, and the risk of infestations, adding to their already challenging circumstances. - Access to healthcare and proper wound care can be difficult for homeless individuals, with some hospitals and medical facilities requiring daily dressing changes that are hard to maintain without stable housing. - Providing a safe and clean environment, such as access to hospital facilities for basic hygiene needs, can make a difference for homeless individuals in maintaining their health and dignity. - Mental illness among the homeless population can present safety concerns for both the individuals and those offering assistance, highlighting the need for sensitive and appropriate approaches to providing support and resources.

Answer 19

• Lack of access • Lack of insurance • May not have regular family practitioner • Frequently seek care in emergency room • May be discouraged from obtaining services or turned away from private clinics • Lack of systematic communication with health careprofessionals • Lack of transportation • Lack of social and family support • Psychological depression; hard-to-reach (maybe dont have access to a cellphone) • Lack of motivation to seek health care

Answer 20

– ^ rate of STDs – ^ incidence of addiction (alcohol and drugs) – Poor nutritional status – Poor birth outcomes – Results in lower birthweight and preterm babies

Answer 21

– Poorer health – ^ symptoms of acute illness (fever, ear infection, diarrhea, asthma) – Poor nutrition – Inconsistent health care ^ anxiety – ^ school absenteeism rates/ academic failure – Emotional & behavioral problems

Answer 22

– Exhibit greater risk-taking behaviors – Younger sexual activity – Poorer health status – Decreases access to health care – Many with history of physical/sexual abuse – History of runaway behavior – May exchange sex for food, clothing , shelter

Answer 23

• Teens are making better decisions about sex • Reproductive health care services to teens • Factors can influence whether a young girl becomes pregnant • Support needed during and after pregnancy from family and friends and from the father of the baby / Now we wanna talk about more of teens and sexual health and how are they getting the education that they need? Where do teens get sexual health information from? —-other people; how do we know that they are getting the righ info? Most likely online but is it a reputable site? • Background factors • Sexual activity, use of birth control, and peer and partner pressure • Other factors – Sexual victimization • Young men and paternity • Early identification of the pregnant teen

Answer 24

– Violence – Nutrition – Infant care – Schooling and educational needs

Answer 25

^ risk for low birth weight, less pre-natal care, poor nutrition, iron deficiency, drop out of school, less education, limited earning, social isolation, violence, unstable relationship with father, child abuse and neglect

Answer 26

promote abstinence, delay sexual initiation, safe sex,

Answer 27

• Violence, sexual assault • Mental health issues • Addiction • Overcrowding- – Communicable disease- TB, HIV, STIs, hep C Upon Release Economic issues-Job? Housing? Family? Poverty? Mental health issues?

Answer 28

• 2 to 3 times more likely to attempt suicide. • More likely to be homeless (20-40% are LGBT) • LGBT populations have the highest rates of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use • Gay men are at higher risk of HIV/STDs, especially among communities of color. • Lesbians are less likely to get preventive services for cancer. • Lesbians and bisexual females are more likely to be overweight or obese. • Transgender individuals have a high prevalence of HIV/STI’s, victimization, mental health issues, and suicide. They are less likely to have health insurance than heterosexual or LGB individuals. • Elderly LGBT individuals face additional barriers to health because of isolation and a lack of social services and culturally competent providers. / When you think about it, if you go into the doctor and you're complaining, you don't feel well on an upper respiratory infection, they're not looking at your waist down. So if I'm saying I'm male and I'm really born female, they're not gonna know that, right? So they're not getting all the proper treatment that they do need.

Answer 29

• Important to engage the whole person, not a collection of risk factors • Important to understand that LGBT life issues are similar to others, but also unique: • Families, Coming Out • Long Term Relationships • Reproduction, Parenting • Mental Health • Chronic Diseases • Communicable Diseases / You have to care for the whole person. You have to engage them, okay? You have to understand they have unique issues. Have they come out to their families? Are they in long-term relationships? Are they interested in reproducing the mental health conditions, chronic disease, communicable diseases? All these things need to be discussed. Well, here's the thing. Have you ever been asked to discuss your sexual history? I don't want to know, just think. Have you ever been asked to discuss this? Have you ever been asked questions about your sexual orientation? Have you ever asked about your gender identity? Think how that feels. When you go in and you have that questionnaire to fill out, what are you, male or female? And if you don't identify with either one, people are gonna get up and walk out.You've already told them you're unaccepted. So, these are the types of things that should be asked. Right? What sex will you assign their pronouns?

Answer 30

• The history for LGBT patients is the same as for all patients (keeping in mind unique health risks and issues of LGBT populations) • Get to know your patient as a person (e.g., partners, children, jobs, living circumstances) • Use inclusive and neutral language • Instead of: “Do you have a wife/husband or boy/girlfriend?” Ask: “Do you have a partner?” or “Are you in a relationship?” “What do you call your partner?” • Make no assumptions • Ask about behavior and risk – High risk for STI and HIV Have you had sex with anyone in the last year? Did you have sex with men, women, or both? Have you had oral, vaginal, anal intercourse? How many partners did you have? How often do you use condoms? Have you exchanged sex for drugs, alcohol, housing, food or money? Has anyone ever forced you to have sex? • Remember sexual health

Answer 31

• Primary prevention services include affordable housing, housing subsidies, effective job-training programs, employer incentives, preventive health care services, multisystem case management, birth control services, safe-sex education, needle-exchange programs, parent education, and counseling programs. • Secondary prevention activities are aimed at reducing the prevalence of pathologic nature of a condition (i.e., supportive and emergency housing, soup kitchens, screening for depression). • Tertiary prevention attempts to restore and enhance functioning (i.e., support of affordable housing, promotion of psychosocial rehabilitation programs).

Answer 32

• Create a trusting environment. • Show respect, compassion, and concern. • Do not make assumptions. • Coordinate a network of services and providers. • Advocate for accessible health care services. • Focus on prevention. • Know when to walk beside the client and when to encourage the client to walk ahead. • Develop a network of support for yourself.

Answer 33

not a citizen but allowed to both live and work in the U.S. Also known as lawful permanent residents Trend toward more immigrants being “low skill” workers, and they compete with native low skill workers for jobs.

Answer 34

may have crossed the border illegally or legal permission expired; eligible only for emergency medical services

Answer 35

person who has moved to another country (or community)

Answer 36

varies -- be closer to family, new job / school, natural disasters, war, persecution • Duration: may be permanent or temporary • Health experience: may improve or get worse depending on situation

Answer 37

admitted outside the usual quota restrictions based on fear of persecution due to their race, religion, nationality, social group, or political views / A person from a country where their ethnicity is being targeted for violence is allowed to enter another country outside of the normal immigration restrictions in order to keep them safe from harm. E.g., A Syrian refugee who is fleeing persecution and violence in their home country is admitted to the United States outside of the usual immigration limits because they are in fear of being harmed due to their nationality and political views.

Answer 38

admitted to the U.S. for a limited duration and specific purpose (i.e., students, tourists)

Answer 39

may have crossed the border illegally or legal permission expired; eligible only for emergency medical services

Answer 40

• Financial constraints (uninsured) • Language barriers • Differences in social, religious, and cultural backgrounds between the immigrant and the health care provider • Providers’ lack of knowledge about high-risk diseases in the specific immigrant groups for whom they care • Traditional healing or folk health care practices that may be unfamiliar to their U.S. health care providers • When working with immigrant populations, consider how your own background, beliefs, and knowledge may be significantly different from those of the people receiving care. / We need to bring in traditional healing. What are they using? That could be making them getting worse without them realizing it, some traditional things that they use. How about the provider themselves? Where is this client coming from? What kind of diseases are prevalent in those countries? We need to keep those in mind, but we might not even think about it here. For instance, we mentioned before with measles. Measles are very common in other countries. We don't see them so much here. We don't see chicken pox here, like we see so many other countries, right?

Answer 41

a set of beliefs, values, and assumptions about life that are widely held among a group of people and that are transmitted across generations / so for culture, think about culture. It's something that is really huge learning. It's something you're brought up with. It is a learned social behavior. You learn that through your family, right? How your grandparents brought up your parents and how you were brought up. Like I see in some cultures, it's perfectly okay to swap your little kid on the behind if they're not listening. Okay, so a lot of cultures, that's acceptable. Culture is a shared feeling amongst the people

Answer 42

physical markings a biological designation whereby group members share features (e.g., skin color, bone structure, genetic traits such as blood groupings)

Answer 43

shared feeling of peoplehood among a group of individuals This is your nationality. You belong to a group. You share the similar cultures, some of the similar things that you're doing.

Answer 44

A combination of culturally congruent behaviors, practice attitudes, and polices that allow nurses to work effectively in cross-cultural situations

Answer 45

1. Care is designed for the specific client 2. Care is based on the uniqueness of the person’s culture and includes cultural norms and values 3. Care includes self-employment strategies to facilitate client decision making to health behavior 4. Care is provided with sensitivity and is based on the cultural uniqueness of clients

Answer 46

• The nurse’s culture often differs from that of the client, leading to different understandings of communication, behaviors, and plans for care. • Non–culturally competent care may increase the cost of health care and decrease the opportunity for positive client outcomes. • To meet some of the objectives for persons of different cultures as outlined in Healthy People 2030, lifestyle and personal choices must be considered.

Answer 47

1. Maintain a broad, objective, and open attitude toward individuals and their cultures. 2. Avoid seeing all individuals as alike.

Answer 48

1. Culturally incompetent 2. Culturally sensitive 3. Culturally competent Three dimensions of each stage: Cognitive (thinking) Affective (feeling) Psychomotor (doing) So we go from incompetent to becoming sensitive to becoming competent. And to go through each stage, it's cognitive, effective, and psychomotive.

Answer 49

• Dynamic, not static • Shared, not private • Learned, not inherited Culture is dynamic,not static and so on It's not static. It's shared. It's not private. And it's learned. It's not inherited. Because if we stop and we start thinking about things that you do, and in your own culture, how different it might be for your patient.

Answer 50

any nursing encounter in which the client and nurse are from different cultures

Answer 51

considering cultural aspects of health, illness, and treatment for each client or community, as well as doing so at each stage of the nursing process

Answer 52

Where are my ancestors and current family from? What traditions and health beliefs did I explicitly approach their clients, especially those who come from cultures different from their own. inherit and what more subtle assumptions were implicitly handed down to me? This concept is important to keep in mind as nurses approach their clients, especially those who come from cultures different from their own.

Answer 53

Have the capacity to • Value diversity • Conduct self-assessment • Manage the dynamics of difference • Acquire and institutionalize cultural knowledge • Adapt to diversity and the cultural contexts of the communities they serve • Incorporate this capacity in all aspects of policy making, administration, practice, and service delivery, as well as involve systematically consumers, key stakeholders, and communities. / Is this working? What should we be doing? Are they interested in making changes? This might be your time to speak up.

Answer 54

providing culturally appropriate health services to disadvantaged groups while stressing dignity and avoiding institutional racism, assimilationism, and repressive practices

Answer 55

• Ask open-ended questions about beliefs and practices of the client and family. • Ask about traditions. E.g: Ask open-ended questions. Ask about tradition. Can you tell me where your family is from? Can you tell me more about your religious faith? Do you have any particular food preferences?Ask open-ended questions. Ask about tradition. Can you tell me where your family is from? Can you tell me more about your religious faith? Do you have any particular food preferences?Is there anything I could help you with your stay? Or when you're going to somebody's home, anything I need to know? Because if somebody practices the Sabbath, I'm not going to say, well, too bad.im coming

Answer 56

1. Cultural awareness: Appreciating and being sensitive towards clients' values. 2. Cultural knowledge: Understanding specific elements of different cultures. 3. Cultural skill: Effectively using cultural awareness to meet clients' needs. 4. Cultural encounter: Appreciating and incorporating clients' culture into all interactions. 5. Cultural desire: Having intrinsic motivation to understand and provide culturally sensitive care.

Answer 57

1. Cultural preservation: Identifying and preserving aspects of a client's culture that promote health. 2. Cultural accommodation: Determining crucial aspects of care that satisfy clients' cultural needs. 3. Cultural repatterning: Changing certain aspects to promote healthier behaviors. 4. Cultural brokering: Mediating, advocating, and negotiating for clients' unique cultural needs and practices.

Answer 58

• Nurse does not understand transcultural nursing • Supervisors are pressuring nurse to increase productivity by increasing their case load • Nurse feels pressured by colleagues who are not knowledgeable about other cultures and who are offended when others use cultural competence concepts • Above inhibitors may result in stereotyping, prejudice and racism, ethnocentrism, cultural imposition, cultural conflict, and culture shock

Answer 59

certain beliefs and behaviors to groups without recognizing individual differences within the groups Despite the seemingly harmless nature of such joking, stereotypes can sink into people's real image of themselves and do real harm. When stereotypes sink into the psyche of a group and they come to define themselves by that stereotype, a whole culture is harmed.

Answer 60

emotional reaction to deeply held beliefs about other groups. It usually denotes negative attitudes. / I'm prejudging them, I'm coming up with a preconceived idea about somebody, a group. And it's usually before I need them, that's why it's called prejudice, you're deciding about this entire group.

Answer 61

a form of prejudice, refers to the belief that persons who are born into a particular group are inferior in intelligence, morals, beauty, self-worth, and so forth. / involves superiority over a group.

Answer 62

Aka cultural prejudice belief that a person’s cultural group determines the standards of behavior by which all other groups are to be judged. / hey, everything my culture does is right. Whatever you're doing is wrong, you need to follow my ways.

Answer 63

ignore all differences between cultures and to act as though the differences do not exist. / there's absolutely no difference. Everybody's exactly the same.

Answer 64

imposing an individual’s values on others.

Answer 65

a perceived threat that may arise in cases of misunderstanding of expectations

Answer 66

is a feeling of helplessness, discomfort, and disorientation experienced by an individual attempting to understand or effectively adapt to a cultural group with different practices, values, and beliefs.

Answer 67

A systematic identification and documentation of the culture care beliefs, meanings, values,symbols, and practice of individuals or groups using a holistic perspective • During initial contact with client, nurse asks about the following issues: • Ethnic background • Religious preference • Family patterns • Food patterns • Health practices

Answer 68

• Attribution of illness • Diet • Verbal communication • Nonverbal communication • Eye contact • Personal space • Style of communication

Answer 69

• Although all cultures are not the same, all cultures have the same basic organizing factors: • Communication (verbal and nonverbal) • Personal space • Social organization • Time perception • Environmental control • Biological variations

Answer 70

• Nutritional practices are an integral part of the assessment process for all families • Knowing client’s nutrition practices makes it possible to develop treatment regimens that would not conflict with their cultural food practices and religious requirements

Answer 71

• Members of minority groups are overrepresented on the lower tiers of the socioeconomic ladder • Poor economic achievement is also a common characteristic among populations at risk, such as those in poverty, the homeless, migrant workers, and refugees • Nurses should be able to distinguish between cultural and socioeconomic class issues and not interpret behavior as having a cultural origin when in fact it is based on socioeconomic class

Answer 72

- Encourage them to think beyond the present consequences of smoking. - Explain that smoking can impact their social life - friends may not want to be around them if they smell like smoke. - Discuss the long-term health effects of smoking, such as lung cancer. - Introduce them to a phone app that uses a face generator to show how they may look with premature wrinkles from smoking excessively. This can visually demonstrate the effects of smoking on their appearance.

Answer 73

Knowledge of health- related terminology • Use family with caution • Sensitive issue posed by same gender • Avoid using children • Observe for differences • ID birth origin, language, dialect • Avoid community member • Avoid medical jargon, slag, abstractions • Clarify roles with interpreter • Observe for non-verbal message • Translate the client’s own words and repeat information communicated • Review material when finished

Answer 74

• Edema (swelling) of arms, legs, face • Weak muscles, pale hair / skin (think about the lack of protein they have), enlarged liver • Swollen belly because of fluid retention and weak abdominal walls that allow internal organs to sag out - Common in children weaned early; low protein diet

Answer 75

• Severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) – too little calories • Very low weight, weakness, organ failure • Skeletal appearance, wrinkled skin

Answer 76

• Average person needs about 1800 kcals/day Overnutrition • Extra calories = extra weight • Obesity increases risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, gallstones, asthma, arthritis, heart disease, strokes, some cancers, etc.

Answer 77

The 17 SDGs build on the eight MDGs, which specifically sought by 2015: to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education; promote gender equality and empower women; reduce child mortality; improve maternal health; combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; ensure environmental sustainability; and develop a global partnership for development. Not all the MDGs were met globally, depending on regions and the state of a country’s development, but significant progress was made in several areas: