Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

4 approaches to detect markets in the past

Answer 1

contextual: inferring a market on logical inference (ex: looking for markets because is the most efficient way to supply people) spatial: inferring a market on spatial patterns (see if goods travel far distances) configurational: directly inferring a market distributional: inferring a market based on household activities (looking at consumption rather than production)

Answer 2

what could be bought or sold on the market according to legal, political, or moral beliefs of a society ex: Aztec societies have markets but land cannot be commercialized/sold

Answer 3

trade is universal and there is continuity; trade is a fundamental aspect of human nature with quantitative modeling; markets are everywhere

Answer 4

* Particular * Ruptures (development of capitalism is rupture in human existence, so we can't apply our capitalistic markets to the past) * Cultural * “Embedded” * Qualitative * Household scale * True markets only recently (capitalism) critique is that it is "othering" the past

Answer 5

How does power affect the distribution of resources within a society? and vice versa Expansive empire: Aztec, Inca, Roman city-states: Mayan and Greek

Answer 6

not capitalist (no land or labor commercialization) difficult transportation costs because no horses, cows, or domesticated animals commodity trade at marketplace: "Center of Aztec life" rotating cycles of goods 5,9,13,20 day cycles depending on distance ^as a way to control resources similar patterns across Aztec empire

Answer 7

typical Aztec town beads, pottery, obsidian temple with elite residences, plaza, marketplace neighborhoods organized by crafts and household production provides a window into scale by good type, allows to a perspective on class differences

Answer 8

no centralized marketplaces/trading greater state admin of the economy Incan state symbolically and materially controlled right to labor or "taxes" through massive feasts 2 types of finance: wealth (labor goods like gold or cloth) OR staple finance (ag foodstuffs)

Answer 9

Huanico hills are lined with small buildings for storage of food *Incan controlled economy by efficient roads whereas Aztec get around transportation costs by cyclic markets

Answer 10

elite controlled gift networks specialization at the community level widespread and regional markets resources are diverse but rare and no rivers in Peninsula so they traded on multiple levels: 1 level was local commodities and 2 was elite gift exchange network evidence: mural depictions and certain communities have no evidence of farming so must have traded to get food

Answer 11

Mayan economies used chocolate as money; used for only 1 type of goods

Answer 12

In mayan markets, it is a causeway that doesn't wash away in floods; important for trade networks

Answer 13

large plazas with different locations that maybe suggest different degrees of control goods are food and demography and textiles sometimes used as money

Answer 14

Aztec: regional production/exchange of goods, tools, textiles; less emphasis on food because easier to farm and higher transport costs; cyclic goods; markets attempted go under elite control Inca: administered economy, wealth and staple finance, no markets; roads address transport problem Mayan: widespread and extremely integrated markets; too diverse to make difference between elites and markets

Answer 15

Andes = mindalaes Mesoamerica = pochtecas Both 2018 North America = esnesves --> indigenous oral traditions about esnesv; provided indigenous perspectives on ancient exchange and diplomacy and is an *alternative to elite-controlled trade models; *spread culture and cosmology

Answer 16

Collapse is rapid loss of an established level of socio-political, and/or economic complexity Overshoot: outcome when a trajectory is unsustainable for environmental technical, or social reasons (think Malthusian trap)

Answer 17

collapse is population loss complexity sees collapse as elite collapse

Answer 18

Decline = things going to hell political collapse = when things go to hell to the extent that major political institutions cease to function Social-cultural collapse = if things go so completely to hell that the culture loses coherence and the major defining elements and dimensions of that culture disappear resilience = after collapse, there is a giving way to a new transformed social entity

Answer 19

Based on Roman Empire fall early focus on moral decay and external pressures multidisciplinary field (History, anti, ecology, Econ) theories relate to climate change, population dynamics, warfare

Answer 20

Jared Diamond's "Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed" focus on environmental factors and resource management examines historical cases and contemporary societies raises awareness and stimulates public discussion on collapse critiques: oversimplification and lack of nuance

Answer 21

environmental factors (climate change, resource loss) social (inequality, conflict) economic (unsustainable growth) political (ineffective leadership, external threats)

Answer 22

Anthropologist and historian Tainter theory of diminishing marginal returns on complexity societal collapse as a result of increasing complexity: societies grow more complex to solve problems, increased complexity requires more resources and energy and complexity results in centralized control system, *the point of diminishing returns leads to vulnerability: as societies become bigger, more problems occur like having enough resources cons: creating a universal narrative because it treats all human societies as the same and fit a specific narrative, AND has an economics perspective and anth is NOT a business; AND complexity is vague, what does it mean when it applied to human societies

Answer 23

Critique of deterministic and simplistic collapse narratives emphasizes resilience, regeneration, and transformation societies adapt in the face of challenges multidisciplinary approach encourages nuanced understanding and avoids pessimistic or alarmist views

Answer 24

settlement patterns: tracking changes in population distribution and urbanization stratigraphy: identifying layers of destruction, abandonment paleodemography: estimating population sizes and changing through skeletal remains resource management analysis: examining land use and ag practices warfare and conflict evidence: identify patterns of violence and social unrest architectural decline: changes in building quality and scale

Answer 25

ag systems and artistic expression grew sweet potatoes, yams, and bananas what happened? dramatic decline in pop and socio-political complexity deforestation and ecological degradation disappearance of moat-carving tradition internal conflicts and possible warfare European contact in 1722 and subsequent disruptions classic perspective: overpopulation led to deforestation and depletion of resources which led to societal decline; competition for scarce resources led to warfare and internal conflict *argues main cause unsustainable practices Popular: big pop, deforestation, clan warfare, famine and pop collapse, then Europeans arrived recent perspective: emphasis on resilience and adaptability of Rapa Nut society, reevaluation of deforestation and its impact on the pop; *impact of external factors like European contact which introduced diseases after isotope analysis, paleobotanical studies for ancient vegetation and land use, and ethnohistorical research --> new timeline: pop grows that causes deforestation but pop remains static at max pop level then Europeans arrive

Answer 26

Cahokia probably didn't collapse, it likely just changed What happened? significant depopulation in the American bottom, abrupt shift away from centralized power so maybe Cahokia ideologies were fragmenting and less mound building Perspectives: conflict (little evidence), land overuse (but Cahokia had been deforested for a while), or floods wiped out or Cahokia lost power bc of floods (is it social or environmental cause)

Answer 27

Definitions of civilization, culture, what changed and collapsed? Chronology: problems of temporality data: definitions and measurement

Answer 28

implies that it was a top-down breakdown

Answer 29

transformed to a more decentralized society with less inequality with smaller regional centers, dispersed population, more artisan classes why? environmental changes (drought, deforestation), political instability, trade routes and cultural exchange, external invasions

Answer 30

increased warfare led to central urban decline evidenced by forts and defensive structures in Late Classic cities, increased frequency of war-related imagery and texts, destruction of monuments and buildings associated with warfare, archaeological evidence of violent deaths and injuries Critiques: warfare already existed in their history AND is warfare a cause or is it an effect

Answer 31

Theory: drought created a sustainability issue evidenced by paleo-climate data, reduction and ag productivity and food supply, increased pressure on water resources --> social unrest critiques: Mayan civilization experienced droughts throughout its history yet persisted, not all experienced same degree of climate change, already had adaptation strategies

Answer 32

Names: anesto (Cherokee) Little Brother of War (Choctaw and others) many others Rules: very diverse purpose: multifaceted, training, community, exchange legacies: lacrosse, contemporary community

Answer 33

the community, everybody's working together stickball for the community: cultural preservation (song, dance, spirit); sense of community (from war to peace, conflict resolution, maintains social networks); ethnic identity affirmation: identity and athletic performance

Answer 34

Haudenosaunee Confederation, Tewaarathon, and the Creator began to shift to more of a sport as conversion to Christianity increased then William Beers in 1860 wrote the first written rules that made changes to the game; important for Canadian nationalism

Answer 35

Pan-mesoamerican sport generally evolved as a team sport that involved a single rubber ball made of pure rubber (very heavy; could break bones), played on a linear court that is i shaped hips rather than hands played with large stone structures (normally i-form) sometimes a ring was used (Maya Chicken Itza) sometimes played in regalia; connectivity to spirituality in the world; sometimes involved sacrifice El Dorado film

Answer 36

at Teotihuacan, people watched at raised areas, there was an audience which is important because a sport for an audience creates a sense of community and shows that it had a role beyond play or fun over time for general spectators, the stands get larger, there is more space for more people to watch, artifacts suggest class differences and there are luxury viewing boxes At totocapan, lateral mounds have the best view of the game and after GIS analysis, they found that there was intentional class separation

Answer 37

Maya origin story(K'iche') recorded by Spanish priest key part of popul vuh is when 2 twins travel to underworld to play the Mayan gods of death in a ballgame; idea that when the squash head falls that those seeds are the start of ag --> role of trickery and trust in natural world *ballgame is extremely important and connected to death

Answer 38

values, fears, behaviors

Answer 39

earliest known ball court in the highlands found figures with rubber belts for striking the ball ceramics though were from the coastal region so debate continues

Answer 40

because it is understanding the beliefs in people's heads and how they change usually end up studying ritual technologies and materialization of ideology

Answer 41

What does religion do? aka focus on the archaeology of behaviors

Answer 42

shamans were Siberian indigenous ritual specialists that were for healing/divination and trance states there is not really a connection to the indigenous americas Santa was associated with red and white mushrooms because of a story that Santa was a healer and would fly through air on reindeer

Answer 43

Uto-Aztecan and Maya linguistic groups floral metaphors floral creation "Flower mountain" (people emerged from Earth from flower mountain) 2 themes: 1) sensory pleasure and abundance 2) militaristic ideology; Aztec "flower wars" (ritual fights and people would get captured and sacrificed) Copan (Maya city) pollen analysis at tombs and temples --> Maize, Cattails, Cool, and Esquisuchil flowers; these flowers represent different themes

Answer 44

Folk religion: beliefs of everyday people, durable, adaptable, difficult to change State religion: how states and empires draw upon folk religion to legitimize and maximize their political power

Answer 45

Wak'as: sacred places and objects that are imbued with spiritual power and essential for maintaining balance between physical and spiritual worlds *is more like spirit that can inhabit different objects priests and other religious officials responsible for maintaining and performing rituals at each site

Answer 46

system of imaginary lines radiating out from Cusco; 41 cues or "sacred rays" sometimes used as a calendar each cheque included several huacas (sacred sites) like fountains, rocks, temples ceque system played important role in Inka religion and cosmology by organizing and connecting the physical and spiritual worlds

Answer 47

Heritage (heirlooms, stories, food that help us connect) Tourism Repatriation

Answer 48

Some sites are so important that they belong to everyone because considered to be such a huge achievement

Answer 49

Significant role in human history bc of cranes UNESCO let docks become world heritage site

Answer 50

Natural like Amazon Cultural Endangered

Answer 51

Criteria to be a world heritage site, hard to define because definition is vague Ex: masterpiece of human creative genus Changes in architecture, technology, landscape design Exceptional testimony to cultural tradition or civilization Outstanding example of how architecture, tech, landscape illustrates a stage of human existence Outstanding example of traditional human settlement or land use is representative of cultures or environment Natural beauty Significance in earth’s geologic time

Answer 52

Brand value Protection State support

Answer 53

How is past communicated?

Answer 54

Next machu pichu Pros: Revenue Local/National pride Authentic knowledge Cons: Damage Desertification or exotification

Answer 55

Who owns the past?

Answer 56

Protect graves and control archaeological excavations on federal and tribal land Became framework for how human burials could be returned Made the trading of burials illegal Has returned 40k human remains but still hundreds of thousands left Issues is that only gives back items to nationally recognized tribes

Answer 57

Remains found by Kennewick river in WA. 9k years old so archaeologists said that it’s too old to figure out which tribe Did facial reconstruction which was considered white Courts ruled do DNA test and found remains belonged to Native Americans and returned to tribe

Answer 58

Federal agencies and museums Lineal descendants and Indian Tribes Human remains Funerary objects Sacred objects (for Native Am religion) Cultural patrimony (objects that belong to more than 1 person)

Answer 59

Andes religion - mountain spirits are common for everyday religion and for their own imperial goals.

Exam 2 Flashcards

(83 cards)