exam 2

Question 1

color of sensory retina

Answer 1

clear

Question 2

what is the horizontal line of raphe

Answer 2

invisible line goes through macula

Question 3

arteries vs veins

Answer 3

veins thick and dark
arteries thinner and lighter

Question 4

what cell is very metabolically active what shape are they

Answer 4

RPE

polyhedral pigmented cuboidal and columnar epithelial ells

Question 5

amount of rods & cones in
macular
periphery

Answer 5

macula - cones
periphery rods>cones

Question 6

1/3 DD is ______ microns
average disc diameter is

Answer 6

500 microns
1.4-1.22 mm

Question 7

name the different dimensions of the macula in order of smallest to largest diameter

which one has
-high number of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
-avascular zone
-rod free zone

Answer 7

foveola - rod free
fovea - avascular zone
parafovea - ganglion and bipolar cells
perifovea

Question 8

the fovea is the location of foveal avascular zone. It instead gets its supplies from

Answer 8

choriocapillaries

Question 9

what supplies
inner 2/3 of retina
outer 1/3 of retina

Answer 9

inner is - central retinal arter
out is - choroid

Question 10

name the 3 order of cells in retina

Answer 10

1. photoreceptor
2. bipolar (inner nuclear layer)
3. ganglion

Question 11

what layer is the bipolar cells located

Answer 11

inner nuclear layer

Question 12

how many photo receptors does one RPE cell interact with

Answer 12

1 rpe for 30-40 photoreceptors

Question 13

what connects the outter and inner seg of rods and cones

Answer 13

cilium

Question 14

what is in the myoid region and ellipsoid region of the rods and cones

Answer 14

myoid
-makes proteins golgi and ER
Ellipsoid region
-makes energy has mitochondria

Question 15

what region of the photoreceptors have discs

where region connects to rpe cells

Answer 15

out regions

outer region

Question 16

what is spherules and pedicles

Answer 16

synaptic terminals
spherules - rods
pedicles- cones

Question 17

what part of the photoreceptors shed constantly

what eats this

Answer 17

discs of outer segment

rpe cells

Question 18

where is the location where alot rods are located at

Answer 18

3 mm from the center of fovea

Question 19

what is rhodopsin

Answer 19

pigment of rods

Question 20

where are photo pigments produced

Answer 20

inner segment then move to discs

Question 21

name the two components of pigments

what is the purpose of each

which is located in the discs

Answer 21

-chromophore (retina)
absorbs light same in all
-opsin (protein
responsible for wavelength sensitivity
interlaced with discs

Question 22

metarhodopsin 2 activated what

Answer 22

transducin in photo transduction

Question 23

GTP and alpha subunit activates what

Answer 23

PDE phosphodiesterase

Question 24

what percent of people have color deficiency

Answer 24

4.5%

Question 25

what is the dz of enlarged RPE cells

Answer 25

packed melanin granules CHRPE congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium

Question 26

what dz is linked to colon cancer

Answer 26

CHRPE

Question 27

what dz has apparent bone spicules what is spicules what other signs

Answer 27

retinitis pigmentosa bone spicules are peripheral pigment clumping of spicules stenuated BV waxy pallor of ONH cystoid macular edema

Question 28

ELM is in between what cells what does the ELM do

Answer 28

mullers and photoreceptors photoreceptor nuclei and inner segments it restricts movement of large molecules

Question 29

the outer nuclear layer contains what cell bodies

Answer 29

rod and ones body

Question 30

describe the outer plexiform layer OPL

Answer 30

synaptic layer where photo receptors connect to bipolar cells

Question 31

photoreceptors produce what kind of potentials

Answer 31

graded potentiantial

Question 32

what layer separates the inner and outer retina

Answer 32

outer plexiform

Question 33

what marks the extent of the retina

Answer 33

invisible divide of the retina middle limitting membrane

Question 35

What synaptic shape has gap junctions

Answer 35

Pedicles

Question 36

Name the two capillary networks and where they are located

Answer 36

1. Deep - inner nuclear layer 2. Superficial- RNFL

Question 37

Horizontal cells -Number of axons -number of dendrites -synapse with -gap junctions? -depolarize when -graded or action potential -type of neurotransmitter

Answer 37

Horizontal cells -Number of axons 1 axon and multiple dendrites -synapse with Other horizontal cells Photoreceptors Bipolar For inhibitory effect -gap junctions? Yes -depolarize when In the dark -graded or action potential Graded -type of neurotransmitter Gaba

Question 38

Which cell provides lateral inhibition ? To what cells

Answer 38

Horizontal cells to photo receptors and bipolar cells

Question 39

Name the three different photo pigments in cones and what their maximum absorbance is

Answer 39

Cyanolabe - 420 nm Chromolabe - 531 nm Erythrolabe- 588nm

Question 40

what is rhodopson composed of where is it located

Answer 40

opsin and 11 cis retinAL out sigment in discs

Question 41

chromophor or opsin derivitive of vit a responsible for wave lenght sensitivity g coupled same in all

Answer 41

derivitive of vit a - chromophor responsible for wave lenghth- opsin g coupled- opsin same in all - chromophor

Question 42

phototransduction induces or spresses release of glutamate

Answer 42

supresses

Question 43

describe the renewal system

Answer 43

light reacts with rhodopsin where it isomerized 11cisretinal to all trans retinal. It then disociates from rhodopsin where it is then reduced to all trans retINOL. Its transfered to RPE cells where it can then be turned into 11 cisretinal

Question 44

in the dark Rhodopsin is active or inactive does this cause hyperpolarization or depolarization

Answer 44

in active. RHODOPSIN ONLY ACTIVE IN LIGHT depolorization

Question 45

what channel is a ligand gated channel in phototransduction what is its ligand

Answer 45

calcium cGMP

Question 46

dot blot heme occurs where

Answer 46

inner nuclear layer and out plexiorm layer

Question 47

inner nuclear layer holds what cell bodies

Answer 47

horizonatal bipolar a amarcrin interplexiform mulers basically all but photo and rpe

Question 48

what cell synaps with amacrine 2 cells when do they deporize

Answer 48

in the light rod bipolar amacrineII connects rod bipolar with ganglion

Question 49

amacrine release what neurotransmitter

Answer 49

glycerine and gaba

Question 50

there are two important inhibitory cells what are they and what feedback or feedforward mechanisms do they affect

Answer 50

amacrine- feed back bipolar - feed forward ganglion horizontal cells- feed back - photorecptors feed forward biopolar

Question 51

which two cells are action potential

Answer 51

amacrine ganglion

Question 52

amacrine send infor horizontally or vertically how many processes does it have

Answer 52

both has single process

Question 53

what inhibitory cell connects to interplexifomr cells

Answer 53

amacrin

Question 54

what cell sends infor from photoreceptor to ganglion cell

Answer 54

bipolar

Question 55

in the fovea a bipolar midget cell connects to ____ cone(s) while in the periphery it connects to ____cones what about if it were rod bipolar?

Answer 55

1 cone 2-3 no rodbipolar in fovea 15-20 rods centrally 80 peripherally

Question 56

what cell forms triads what is part of the triad

Answer 56

invaginating midget bipolar 2 horizontal cells 1 invaginating midget

Question 57

diffuse cone bipolar cells connect to ____ cones centrally and _______ peripherally

Answer 57

diffuse cone bipolar cells connect to __5__ cones centrally and ___10-15____ peripherally

Question 58

what bipolar cells has the largest dendritic trees

Answer 58

giant cone three trees then clusters types diffuse and then bistratified

Question 59

blue cone bipolar cells connect what

Answer 59

widely spaced blue cones

Question 60

what cell is known to have a large cell body where is it located

Answer 60

interplexiform cells OPL IPL

Question 61

what is ionotropic receptor what is metabotropic receptor

Answer 61

receptors of bipolar cells that shows if they are on or off ionotripic is off metabotropic is on

Question 62

in the central retina 1 cone is connected to what an off or on bipolar cells

Answer 62

1 one and one off

Question 63

what layer does bipolor synapse with ganglion whos processes are found here

Answer 63

inner plexiform layer amacrine interplexifprm processes

Question 64

what dz is associated with flame heme

Answer 64

vein occlusion

Question 65

what layers are muller cells found

Answer 65

ilm to elm cell bodies in ilm

Question 66

what cell has a high oxyen consumption

Answer 66

photoreceptors

Question 67

ribon synapse purpose

Answer 67

allows for constant release of glutamate

Question 68

retinoscnisis location and what is it

Answer 68

splite of retina in the outer plexiform

Question 69

what disease looks like fishnet stocking

Answer 69

reticular degeneration coneycomb degeration usually pigment finding in periphery in old patients no clinical significance

Question 70

what layers do the photoreceptors span to

Answer 70

2-5