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Head & Neck > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 big categories that make up the proencephalon (forebrain)?

A

1) telencephalon
2) diencephalon

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2
Q

What makes up the telencephalon?

A

L/R cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

What 3 structures that make up the diencephalon?

A

1) thalamus
2) epithalamus
3) hypothalamus

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4
Q

What brain structure makes melatonin and is found in the epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland

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5
Q

Where is the infundibular stalk and pituitary gland found?

A

Off of the hypothalamus

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6
Q

What are the 2 big categories that make up the brain stem?

A

1) mesencephalon (midbrain)
2) rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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7
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the rhombencephalon?

A

1) Metencephalon (afterbrain)
2) myelencephalon (spinal brain)

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8
Q

What 2 structures make up the metencephalon (afterbrain)?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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9
Q

What makes up the myelencephalon (spinal brain)?

A

Medulla

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10
Q

What are the 2 notches on the brain?

A

Pre-occipital notch and posterior cerebellar notch

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11
Q

What are shallow grooves called?

A

Sulci

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12
Q

What are the 2 main sulci of the brain?

A

Central and lateral sulcus

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13
Q

What are deep grooves called?

A

Fissures

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14
Q

What are the 2 main fissures of the brain?

A

Longitudinal and transverse fissure

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15
Q

What are the 2 main gyri (elevations, convolutions) of the brain?

A

Precentral (motor cortex) gyrus and postcentral (somatosensory cortex) gyrus

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16
Q

What are lobules?

A

Area of brain larger than gyri but smaller than lobes

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17
Q

What are the 5 structural lobes of the brain?

A

1) frontal
2) parietal
3) occipital
4) temporal
5) insular

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18
Q

What is the functional lobe of the brain?

A

Limbic lobe

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19
Q

What is the function of the limbic lobe?

A

Integrates emotions with memory and learning

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20
Q

What does the central sulcus divide?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

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21
Q

Where is the precentral gyrus (motor cortex) found?

A

Frontal lobe

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22
Q

Where is the postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex) found?

A

Parietal lobe

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23
Q

Where is the insular lobe found?

A

Deep within the lateral sulcus (aka sylvian fissure)

24
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dura mater and what is found within each layer?

A

1) periosteal (endosteal) layer
-dural venous sinuses

2) meningeal layer
-subdural space

25
Q

Which space is found within the arachnoid mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

26
Q

Which space contains CSF?

A

Subarachnoid space

27
Q

Besides CSF, what is found within the subarachnoid space?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae (threads of CT) and arachnoid granulations (extensions of subarachnoid space into dural venous sinuses for return of CSF to bloodstream)

28
Q

Which part of the meninges has direct contact with the brain and spinal cord?

A

Pia mater

29
Q

What makes up the dural (thecal) sac?

A

Dura mater and arachnoid mater

30
Q

What is the dural septa?

A

Fold of meningeal layer of dura mater into brain (contains dural venous sinuses)

31
Q

What are the 4 dural septa?

A

1) falx cerebri > longitudinal fissure
2) falx cerebell > posterior cerebellar notch
3) tentorium cerebelli > transverse fissure
4) diaphragma sellae (covers pituitary gland in sella tursica of sphenoid bone)

32
Q

The pia mater has 21 pairs of __________ ligaments that extend outward. They emerge between the dorsal and ventral rootless of spinal cord to the dural sac

A

dentate

33
Q

CSF is produced in the roofs of ventricles by the….

A

Choroid plexus

34
Q

What are the largest ventricles and where are they located?

A

R/L lateral ventricles are the largest, they are C shaped and located in the cerebral hemispheres

35
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle?

A

In a space/cleft between the thalami

36
Q

The 4th ventricle is located posterior to the _______________ in the ________________ which is the floor

A

pons and medulla, rhomboid fossa

37
Q

The CSF may leave the 4th ventricle via 2 lateral apertures of Luschka and 1 median aperture of Magendie and enter the cisterna magna (“large bowl”), or continue down the…

A

central canal of spinal cord

38
Q

The cisterna magna is continuous with what space?

A

Subarachnoid space

39
Q

CSF is returned to the blood stream through dural venous sinuses by….

A

Arachnoid granulations

40
Q

Arachnoid granulations are extensions of the subarachnoid space into the….

A

Dural venous sinuses

41
Q

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Are they a part of the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

42
Q

All cranial nerves extend from the brainstem expect 3 of them: _____________ from forebrain, and the spinal part of ________ from spinal cord C1-C5

A

CN I and II, CN XI

43
Q

What are the 2 primary suppliers of arterial (oxygenated) blood to the brain?

A

1) vertebral arteries
2) internal carotid arteries

44
Q

The vertebral arteries are a direct branch of _____________ arteries, which enter the transverse foramina of C6-C1, and then enter foramen magnum

A

subclavian

45
Q

The internal carotid arteries enter the carotid canal, give off ophthalmic a. branch to eyes, before terminating at the Circle of Willis by dividing into 3 branches. What are the 3 branches?

A

1) anterior cerebral a.
2) middle cerebral a.
3) posterior communicating a.

46
Q

The cerebral arterial circle is located at the base of the diencephalon and encircles the…

A

optic chiasm and hypothalamus

47
Q

The actual circle of the cerebral arterial circle is formed by what arteries?

A

1) anterior communicating a.
2) anterior cerebral a.
3) posterior communicating a.
4) posterior cerebral a.

48
Q

The cerebral artery circulation is divided into 3 regions. What are they?

A

vertebral, basilar, and internal carotid arteries

each with 3 major branches

49
Q

The _________________ a. is usually a branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar a, however, may sometimes be a direct branch off the basilar a.

A

labyrinthine

50
Q

Greater petrosal sinus + transverse sinus = ?

test q

A

sigmoid sinus

51
Q

Inferior petrosal sinus + sigmoid sinus = ?

test q

A

IJV

52
Q

The cavernous sinuses are located in the _________________- the dural septa which covers the pituitary in the sella tursica

A

diaphragma sellae

53
Q

The confluence (gathering) of sinuses is where the superior, sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital sinuses unite at the….

A

internal occipital protuberance

54
Q

IJVs are the primary way venous (deoxygenated) blood leaves the….

A

intracranial cavity

55
Q

IJV exits the skull through the jugular foramen along with CNs ______________

A

IX, X, and XI

56
Q

What are the 3 intracranial friends?

A

1) labyrinthine a.
2) CN VII (facial n.)
3) CN VIII (vestibulocochlear n.)

57
Q

The labyrinthine a. along with CN VII (facial n.) and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear n.) course through the ____________________________ to enter the inner ear (“labyrinth”)

A

internal acoustic meatus

Head & Neck (6 decks)

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