Exam 2

Question 1

What is a reactant?

Answer 1

Substance that is at the start of a chemical reaction.

Question 2

What is glucose?

Answer 2

Major source of energy for cells.

Question 3

What are cell membranes made of?

Answer 3

Phospholipids.

Question 4

What is mitochondria

Answer 4

Uses glucose to produce ATP.

Question 5

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 5

Gel like substance keeps all parts within the cell together.

Question 6

What is a transport protein?

Answer 6

Protein that helps move other materials in a cell.

Question 7

What is active transport?

Answer 7

Energy (ATP) driven process to transport molecules across cells against the concentration gradient.

Question 8

What is ATP?

Answer 8

Energy molecule produced from the mitochondria.

Question 9

What is a coenzyme?

Answer 9

Enzymes that work together in order to function and speed up reactions.

Question 10

What is the scientific equation for cellular respiration

Answer 10

C6H1206 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

Question 11

Which molecule is being oxidized and which molecule is being reduced?

Answer 11

Oxidized: C6H12O6 –> 6CO2
Reduced: 6O2 –> 6H20

Question 12

Why is cellular respiration important?

Answer 12

Provides cells with energy that is needed for them in order to function.

Question 13

What are the four steps of cellular respiration, and where do they occur?

Answer 13

1. Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
2. Pyruvate Oxidation (Mitochondrial Matrix)
3. Citric Acid Cycle (Mitochondrial Matrix)
4. The Electron Transport Chain (Cristae)

Question 14

______ is converted into _______ in glycolysis.

Answer 14

Glucose & ATP

Question 15

______ ATP and ______ NADH molecules are generated in glycolysis.

Answer 15

4 & 2

Question 16

What is the purpose of the pyruvate oxidation step? What is the product?

Answer 16

For pyruvate molecules to produce Acetyl CoA to be able to start the citric acid cycle. Acetyl CoA then produces 2 NADH and CO2.

Question 17

How many ATP are generated in ETC?

Answer 17

28

Question 17

______ ATP, ______ FADH2, and ______ NADH molecules are generated in the citric acid cycle.

Answer 17

2, 2, & 6

Question 17

What molecules receive the electrons at the end of the ETC, and why is this so important?

Answer 17

Oxygen receives the electrons at the end of ETC in order to be broken down into water.

Question 18

Because fermentation does not require oxygen, it is said to be ______.

Answer 18

Anaerobic

Question 18

How does fermentation allow glycolysis to continue?

Answer 18

Produces NAD+ and lactic acid which is meant to cycle back the NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue so more ATP is made

Question 18

What is the total ATP payoff at the end of all 4 phases of cellular respiration?

Answer 18

32

Question 19

How does fermentation differ between animal cells and other cells?

Answer 19

Animal cells: produces lactic acid
Other cells: produces alcohol

Question 20

The Cell Theory

Answer 20

All living things are composed of cells, all cells come from other cells.

Question 21

Who was the first person to see cells?

Answer 21

Robert Hooke

Question 22

Who was the first person to see LIVING cells?

Answer 22

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 23

Who was the first person to see cell division?

Answer 23

Robert Remak

Question 24

What is a Tansmission Electron Microscope?

Answer 24

Passes electrons through the specimen and shows internal cell structure

Question 25

What is a Scanning Electron Microscope?

Answer 25

Focuses electrons onto the specimen’s surface

Question 26

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 26

Uses RNA to synthesize proteins

Question 27

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 27

Ribosomes attached and proteins transported and modified

Question 28

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 28

Synthesizes lipids

Question 28

What is the function of the Transport Vesicles?

Answer 28

Carry lipids and proteins from ER to Golgi

Question 28

What is the function of the Chloroplasts?

Answer 28

Photosynthesis: transform solar energy into chemical energy (glucose)

Question 29

What is the function of the Lysosomes?

Answer 29

Contains enzymes to break down biomolecules and unneeded organelles in animal cells

Question 29

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 29

Processes and packages lipids/proteins, leaves Golgi via vesicles.

Question 30

What is the function of the Central Vacuole?

Answer 30

Maintains turgor pressure

Question 31

What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?

Answer 31

Protein fibers throughout cytoplasm and supports cell structure and movement within the cell

Question 32

What is the function of the Centrosome?

Answer 32

Organelle composed of microtubules that assists with cell division

Question 33

What is the function of the Cilia?

Answer 33

Movement within the cell

Question 34

What is the function of the Microtubule?

Answer 34

Moves the transport cells

Question 35

What is the function of the Flagellum?

Answer 35

Physical cell movement (only in sperm cells)

Question 36

What enzyme does Antabuse inhibit?

Answer 36

Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase

Question 37

What is Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase?

Answer 37

A hepatic enzyme that metabolizes alcohol in the body’s main oxidative pathway. Metabolized into acetate, broken down into water and carbon dioxide.

Question 38

What does the inhibition of Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase lead to?

Answer 38

Prevents alcohol poisoning or abuse.

Question 39

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 39

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 40

What is the equation for glucose?

Answer 40

C6H12O6

Question 41

What is OIL RIG?

Answer 41

Oxidation is losing hydrogens and reduction is gaining hydrogens