Final Exam

Question 1

Examples of prokaryotes & eukaryotes?

Answer 1

Prokaryotes- Bacteria
Eukaryotes- Animals/Plants

Question 2

What is Chromatin?

Answer 2

Long strands of DNA

Question 3

What is Apoptosis?

Answer 3

Programmed cell death

Question 4

What are somatic cells?

Answer 4

Genetically identical cells and are all cells except for sex cells

Question 5

What does a gene code for?

Answer 5

Proteins

Question 6

What is RNA polymerase

Answer 6

An enzyme in RNA that unwinds DNA helix during transcription

Question 7

What is transcription?

Answer 7

DNA to mRNA

Question 8

What is translation?

Answer 8

mRNA to amino acids

Question 9

What are the 4 bases that make up a DNA nucleotide?

Answer 9

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

Question 10

How do the bases of a DNA nucleotide pair?

Answer 10

Adenine –> Thymine
Guanine –> Cytosine

Question 11

What bond holds the bases of a DNA nucleotide?

Answer 11

Hydrogen bonds

Question 12

What are the 4 bases that make up an RNA nucleotide?

Answer 12

Uracil, Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine

Question 13

How do the bases in an RNA nucleotide pair?

Answer 13

Adenine –> Uracil
Guanine –> Cytosine

Question 14

Where does DNA replication occur in the cell & what do they produce?

Answer 14

The nucleus & more DNA is produced

Question 15

Where does Transcription occur in the cell & what do they produce?

Answer 15

The nucleus & mRNA is made

Question 16

Where does Translation occur in the cell & what do they produce?

Answer 16

The ribosomes, amino acids are made.

Question 17

What is the role of Helicase?

Answer 17

Separate double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing for each strand to be copied, and unwind DNA at positions called origins where synthesis will be initiated during replication. During DNA replication process.

Question 18

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

Answer 18

Base pairing and joining during DNA replication.

Question 19

What is the role of RNA polymerase?

Answer 19

Unwinds DNA helix during the process of transcription.

Question 20

What does the start codon indicate?

Answer 20

The initiation of translation and the start of a protein chain

Question 21

What does a stop codon indicate?

Answer 21

The termination of the translation process of the current protein.

Question 22

What are genetic mutations?

Answer 22

Permanent change in the base of a gene

Question 23

What can mutations be?

Answer 23

1. Spontaneous
2. Caused by a mutagen
3. Germ line in sex cells

Question 24

What is a mutagen?

Answer 24

Outside factors that can cause a mutation

Question 25

What is a germ line?

Answer 25

Inherited mutations in genes.

Question 26

What are types of genetic mutations?

Answer 26

1. Nonsense 2. Silent 3. Missense 4. Frameshift 5. Chromosomal

Question 27

What occurs in a chromosomal mutation?

Answer 27

1. Deletion 2. Duplication 3. Inversion 4. Translocation

Question 28

What is a silent mutation?

Answer 28

You cannot see the mutation

Question 29

What is nonsense mutation?

Answer 29

Base change converts the codon to a stop codon instead of one for an amino acid

Question 30

What is a missense mutation?

Answer 30

Single base change causes wrong protein to be made

Question 31

What is a frameshift mutation?

Answer 31

Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides

Question 32

What is a codon?

Answer 32

Three-letter unit of bases

Question 33

What is the process of polypeptide/protein synthesis?

Answer 33

1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination

Question 34

What are introns?

Answer 34

Non-coding portions that don't make proteins

Question 35

What are exons?

Answer 35

Coding portions that make proteins

Question 36

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 36

Formation of new blood vessels

Question 37

What is metastasis?

Answer 37

Cancer cells initiate new tumors far from the primary tumor

Question 38

What are the two genes that control cell cycle?

Answer 38

1. Proto-oncogenes 2. Tumor Suppressor Genes

Question 39

What is the development of cancer?

Answer 39

1. Mutation 2. Growth of cells into tumor 3. Angiogenesis 4. Metastasis

Question 40

What is ribonucleic acid?

Answer 40

RNA molecule made of nucleotides linked together

Question 41

What is RNA polymerase?

Answer 41

An enzyme envolved in transcription

Question 42

What is mRNA

Answer 42

Carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene to the site of translation

Question 43

What is gene expression?

Answer 43

The entire process by which proteins are made

Question 44

What is transcription?

Answer 44

Process for transferring a gene's instructions for making a protein to an mRNA molecule

Question 45

What is a codon?

Answer 45

3 nucleotide sequence on the mRNA that specifies an amino acid to start or stop

Question 46

What is an operator?

Answer 46

Piece of DNA that serves as an on-off switch for transcription

Question 47

What is a repressor?

Answer 47

A protein that binds to an operator and inhibits transcription

Question 48

What is translation?

Answer 48

A process that puts together amino acids that make up a protein

Question 49

What is an anticodon?

Answer 49

A 3 nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to one of the codons of the genetic code

Question 50

What is ribosomal RNA?

Answer 50

RNA molecules that are part of the structure of ribosomes

Question 51

What is tRNA?

Answer 51

RNA molecules that temporarily carry a specific amino acids on one end

Question 52

What is the genetic code?

Answer 52

Specifies the amino acids and start and stop signals with their codon

Question 53

What is Operon?

Answer 53

Collective name for a group of genes involved in the same function, their promoter site, and their operator