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Exam 2 Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

Oogenesis

A

Type of meiosis
Egg/ovum formation

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2
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Type of meiosis
Sperm formation

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3
Q

When is an ovum considered fertile (how long)

A

For 24 hours after ovulation

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4
Q

Capcaitation

A

Removal of sperms protective coating

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5
Q

Acrosome

A

Cap on a sperm

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6
Q

Where does fertilization take place

A

Outer third of the fallopian tube

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7
Q

When does implantation occur

A

6-10 days after conception

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8
Q

Embryo vs fetus

A

Embryo before 8 wks
Fetus after 8 wks

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9
Q

How long is pregnancy

A

280 days after last period
266 days after conception

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10
Q

What marks the first day of pregnancy

A

First day of missed period

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11
Q

Membranes that surround the embryo

A

Chorion: Fetal side of placenta
Amnion: Outer portion

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12
Q

Embryonic period

A

3rd-8th wk after fertilization
Development of organ systems and external features
- Vulnerable to teratogens

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13
Q

Fetal period

A

Refinement of structure and function
Fetus becomes capable of extrauterine survival

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14
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

Low amniotic fluid
Less than 300 mL

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15
Q

Polyhydramnios

A

Excess amniotic fluid
More than 300 mL

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16
Q

ROM

A

Rupture of membranes

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17
Q

AROM

A

Artificial rupture of membranes

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18
Q

SROM

A

Spontaneous rupture of membranes

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19
Q

Wharton’s jelly

A

Gelatinous substance found in the umbilical cord that protects and insulates it

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20
Q

Yolk sac

A

Gives oxygen for first 4-5 weeks before placenta takes over

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21
Q

When is placenta done growing

A

12th week

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22
Q

Hormones that placenta secretes

A

HCG: Human chorionic gonadotropin (used in urine test)
HPL: Human placental lactogen
Progesterone
Estriol

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23
Q

Progesterone function during pregnancy

A

Relaxes smooth muscle (no contractions)

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24
Q

When is a fetus viable

A

Approx:
350-500g
21wks

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25
What closes the shunts in the fetal circulatory system
Pressure from birth
26
Ductus arteriosis
Between aorta and pulmonary artery, bypasses lungs
27
Ductus venosus
Shunt in a fetus that allows oxygenated blood to bypass the liver and flow directly to the heart
28
Foramen ovale
Hole in the heart that allows blood to flow between the left and right atrium
29
When is surfactant made
36 wks
30
What are babies given if they are born before 34 wks and haven't made surfactant
Steroids
31
When do most body systems develop
4-5 wks
32
When does fetal reproductive system start developing
7 wks
33
When does fetus respond to sound
24 wks
34
Faternal twins
Dizygotic 70% of twins
35
Identical twins
Monozygotic 0.4%
36
AMA
Advanced maternal age 35+ yrs
37
Funic souffle
Sound heard during pregnancy that's in sync with the fetal heart rate Caused by blood rushing through the umbilical cord's arteries and is usually heard during the second trimester of pregnancy
38
Ballottement
Medical technique used to detect a floating object in a fluid-filled part of the body, such as during pregnancy
39
Primiparous
"primip" A woman who has given birth once or is pregnant for the first time
40
Multiparous
"multip" one who has given birth twice or more
41
Operculum
Mucus plug
42
What causes yeast infection in pregnancy
Lower pH
43
When does colostrum begin to develop
1st-2nd trimester
44
Lactogenesis stage 1
First stage of the process of milk production in humans and occurs during the second half of pregnancy
45
What acid imbalance is common in pregnancy
Respiratory alkalosis Decreased lung expansion = increased RR, blowing off CO2
46
What happens to blood volume and cardiac output during pregnancy
Increases
47
What happens to BP during pregnancy
Stays the same or may decrease due to progesterone
48
What causes constipation during pregnancy
Progesterone relaxation
49
What hormone stimulates hyperpigmentation
Melanotropin: anterior pituitary hormone - Increases during pregnancy
50
Linea nigra
Dark vertical line that appears on the stomach during pregnancy
51
Striae gravidarum
Stretch marks
52
Angiomata
Vascular "spiders" Visible arterioles
53
Palmar erythema
Redness on palms Caused by increased estrogen levels
54
Pruritus gravidarum
Itching during pregnancy
55
Presumptive signs of pregnancy
Amenorrhea (no period) Nausea — with or without vomiting Breast enlargement and tenderness Fatigue Poor sleep Back pain Constipation Food cravings and aversions Mood changes or "mood swings" Heartburn Nasal congestion Shortness of breath Lightheadedness
56
Probable signs of pregnancy
Increased frequency of urination Soft cervix Abdominal bloating/enlargement Mild uterine cramping/discomfort without bleeding Increased skin pigmentation in the face, stomach, and/or areola **Positive hcg urine or blood test** - could be other things
57
Positive signs of pregnancy
Fetal heartbeat Visualization of fetus (ultrasound)
58
First trimester
1-13 wks
59
Second trimester
14-27 wks
60
Third trimester
28-40 wks
61
EDB
Estimated date of birth
62
EDD
Estimated due date
63
What is the most accurate assessment of EDB
Ultrasound
64
When is HIV tested for during pregnancy
1st and 3rd trimester
65
When is anatomy screening done
18-22 weeks - Sex of baby is determined
66
When is Rhogam given
26-30 wks antepartum 72 hours after delivery (if baby is Rh+) Before blood mixing procedure
67
When should prenatal care begin
After first missed period
68
Multiple marker test
Blood test used to assess for Down Syndrome
69
When is breastfeeding contraindicated?
HIV + status
70
AMA
Advanced maternal age
71
During first trimester what is a common change in sexual desire
Decrease due to nausea and fatigue
72
Examples of operative deliveries
Forcep or vacuum assisted delivery
73
S/sx for pregnant woman to immediately report to HCP
Vaginal bleeding Rupture of membranes Heartburn with severe headache
74
Woman who gave birth 5 hours ago has saturated pad in 15 mins, what is the nursing intervention
Massage the fundus
75
Nursing interventions for episiotomy
Perineal ice packs Sitz bath TID Stool softener
76
Nursing intervention for swollen breasts
Ice packs
77
What causes supine hypotension during pregnancy
Fundus pushing on superior vena cava
78
When is it most important to get proper nutrients
First trimester Critical time for embryonic and fetal development
79
Foods with folic acid
Dark leafy greens Beans Peanuts
80
What can not having enough folic acid in pregnancy lead to
Spina bifida
81
Caloric changes throughout pregnancy (how many calories in each trimester)
Energy needs increase 1st trimester no change 2nd trimester +340 calories/day 3rd trimester +450 calories/day Lactation +450-500 calories/day
82
Normal weight gain
Underweight BMI: under 18.5 +28-40 lbs Normal BMI: 18.5-24.9 +25-35 lbs Overweight BMI: 25-29 +15-25 lbs Obese BMI: over 30 +11-20 lbs
83
Pattern of weight gain through trimesters
1st trimester: 2-4 lbs 2nd trimester: Underweight to normal BMI: +1lb/week Overweight/obese: +0.5lb/week
84
Macronutrients
Proteins, Fats, Carbohydrates
85
Protein needs during pregnancy
71g/day Normal = 46g
86
Fat needs during pregnancy
Saturated fat: Less that 10% of daily intake DHA: Good fat, helps with fetal development, omega 3 fatty acid
87
Carbohydrate needs during pregnancy
175g/day No more than 45-64% of daily intake
88
Micronutrients
Fat soluble: ADEK Water soluble: Folate, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit C
89
Vitamin A
Important for development of heart, spine, eyes, and ears Excess can cause teratogenic effects (heart, lungs, skull, eyes)
90
Vitamin D
Helps with absorption and metabolism of calcium Immune function Comes from milk and sun
91
Vitamin E
Supplement not recommended during pregnancy
92
Vitamin K
Helps with clotting Needed for the synthesis of prothrombin and clotting factors - Green leafy vegetables
93
Folate (amount)
Pre-pregnancy: 400mcg During pregnancy 600mcg/day
94
Vitamin B12
Important in RBC formation - Milk, eggs, fortified soymilk
95
Vitamin B6
Important for RBC, antibody formation, neurotransmitter formation
96
Vitamin C
Tissue formation and iron absorption
97
Recommended iron intake during pregnancy
27mg/day
98
What helps absorb iron specifically
The acidity of Vitamin C Take on empty stomach Take with fruit juice
99
Possible complications from caffeine
Miscarriage IUGR - intrauterine growth restriction LBW - low birth weight Preterm birth
100
Recommended caffeine intake during pregnancy
No more than 200mg/day
101
Possible complications of artificial sweeteners
Metabolic dysregulation
102
What is the concern with Pica
Eating ice or dirt may mean anemia
103
Deficiencies common in vegans
Iron, zinc, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin B12, calcium
104
Deficiencies common in gluten free diet
Folate (B9), thymine, niacin, riboflavin, iron
105
What measurements are important to get during pregnancy
Height and weight for BMI
106
What lab tests are important to check during pregnancy
Hematocrit or Hemoglobin to check for anemia
107
Concern with pregnancy after bariatric surgery
Proper nutrient intake Supplement with vitamins

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