Exam 2 Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 components to the skeletal system?
A
1: Bone
2: Cartilage (Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage)
3: Tendons (muscle to bone)
4: Ligaments (holds bones together)
2
Q
What is the connective tissue type for bone and cartilage?
A
Supportive CT!
3
Q
What type of connective tissue is seen in Tendons and Ligaments?
A
Dense regular CT!
4
Q
Tendons versus Ligaments?
A
Tendons: Attach muscle to bone
Ligaments: Hold bones together
5
Q
Where is red bone marrow found and what does it do?
A
It is found on the ends of the bones and this is what makes RBCs
6
Q
Where is yellow bone marrow found and what does it do?
A
It’s stored in the shaft of the bone and it stores fat
-the fat escaping to the bloodstream so why we worry about fractured bones and blot clots
7
Q
Where is Hyaline Cartilage found?
A
In the embryonic skeleton it later becomes bone (hard bc lots of COLLAGEN)
-ends of bones (to prevent friction when bones rub)
8
Q
Where is Elastic Cartilage found?
A
External ear and epiglottis
-lots of ELASTIN, soft and flexible!
9
Q
Where is Fibrocartilage found?
A
1: Pubic Symphysis: where pubic bones attach (spread for childbirth)
2: Knee Meniscus: stop bone from grinding on bone
3: Intervertebral Discs: cushioning between vertebrae and maintains height
10
Q
What fiber makes up Fibrocartilage and Hyaline cartilage?
A
Collagen!
11
Q
What are the two types of Cartilage growth?
A
1: Appositional: new matrix is secreted on the external face of Existing Cartilage (grows from the outside)
2: Interstitial: Chondrocytes divide and make new matrix (cells divide inside, expanding Cartilage from within)
12
Q
What two things are present in the Bone/ Bone matrix to keep it strong?
A
1: Collagen = flexible strength (if you lose it bone becomes BRITTLE)
2: Minerals (hydroxyapetite)= Weight bearing strength (if you lose it bone become BENDY)
13
Q
What are the three types of bone cells?
A
1: Osteoblasts (build up)
2: Osteocytes (maintain)
3: Osteoclasts (break down)
14
Q
What does Ossification mean?
A
Hardening of the bone!
15
Q
What do Osteoblasts do?
A
Builds bone from Hyaline cartilage
-lays down new bone on surface APPOSITIONAL
16
Q
How do Osteoblasts and Osteocytes come to be?
A
Osteochondral progenitor cells (stem cells): give rise to Osteoblasts who build and become Osteocytes
17
Q
What do Osteocytes do?
A
They maintain the matrix!
-they make up 90-95% Bone cells and live for 25 years (bc the goal is to maintain)
-found in the Lacunae, communicate via Canaliculi
18
Q
What are Osteoclasts?
A
They arise in the red bone marrow “the bone makes its own destruction”
-They break down the bone matrix and help the body reabsorb it!
-puts calcium into blood
19
Q
What are the three conditions in which Ossification occurs?
A
1: As a fetus
2: When grow
3: When repair fracture
20
Q
What are the two steps/types of bones that are being ossified?
A
1: Woven bone: formed 1st by osteoblasts. WEAK due to random placement of Collagen
2: Lamellar Bone: Formed by osteoblasts to build stronger, more permanent bone. Arranged in LAMELLAE layers, parallel arrangement = Strong
21
Q
What is Lamellae?
A
When bone layers are arranged in concentric sheets/layers
-parallel arrangement= strong
22
Q
What are the two Final Bone types?
A
1: Spongy Bone= appears porous, with more space (by red bone marrow at the end of bone)
2: Compact Bone = More bone matrix, dense, solid outer layer. Full of compact OSTEON units and concentric rings of Lamellae
23
Q
Diaphysis versus Epiphysis?
A
Diaphysis: Main shaft of bone, composed on Compact bone, Medullary cavity in the center
Epiphysus: Ends, mostly Spongy bone, covered in articular cartilage
24
Q
What is articular cartilage?
A
Hyaline cartilage on ends of bones to protect against friction when rubbing
25
Epiphyseal Plate verses Epiphyseal Line?
Found in Epiphysis, between 2 parts.
-where growth occurs as child
-once becomes Epiphyseal Line =adult and no more growth
26
Red versus Yellow bone marrow?
Red= gives rise to blood cells (R,W, and P) in Epiphyses
Yellow = (adipose) in Diaphysis
27
What are the 4 layers of Bone?
1: Endosteum: Inner surface= bone cells
2: Periostem: outer surface of bone
3: Dense irregular CT: same as underlying portion of the skin
4: Sharpey’s/ Perforating Fibers: attaches Periostem to actual bone
28
What is the makeup of a Flat bone type?
“Spongy bone sandwhich”
-spongy bone =mid
-compact bone = outer sided
(Ex: cranium)
29
What are the two ways to make Flat and Long bones in Utero?
Intramembraneous: makes Flat (turns Fibrous CT to flat bone at 8 weeks-2years old)
Endochondral: turns Hyaline Cartilage into Long bone
-embryo at 8 weeks in some parts, 18-20 years old at other parts
30
What are the steps to Intramembraneous/ flat bone Ossification once flat bone has been made?
1: Osteoblast Formation: Mesenchymal cells -> stem cells -> Osteoblasts (lay down bone matrix -> Osteocytes (maintain).
-Trabeculae of Woven bone develops (1st step = weak, random collagen placement)
2: Spongy bone formation: osteoblasts make Trabeculae surface larger and longer
-Trabeculae join together to form Spongy Bone
3:Compact Bone Formation: Red bone marrow forms, as does Periosteum.
-Osteoblasts from Periosteum lay down bone to make Compact bone
Creates: Bone with outer compact bone and spongy bone in the center! “Spongy sandwhich”
31
In Intramembraneous (flat bone) ossification which type of bone is made first?
Spongy bone! (Located in the middle)
32
What is the general/summed up process of Intramembraneous Ossification? (For flat bone)
Ossification centers expand to form bone. Centers have the oldest bone, Edges have the youngest.
“Start building in the middle and work our way out”
33
What are Fontanels?
Soft spots found on flat bones! Not fully protected yet
(Ex: soft spot on babies head)
-become bone at 22 month, allows for brain growth and easier birth
34
What are the steps to Endochondral Ossification? (Long bone formation)
1: Cartilage Model Formation (cartilage made in diaphysis)
2: Bone Collar Formation (lay down bone to make bone collar, make cavity in middle)
3: Primary Ossification Center (lay down bone, turn cartilage in Diaphysis into spongy bone)
4:secondary Ossification center (in Epiphyses form spongy bone on bone ends)
5: Adult Bone (Epiphyseal plate turns to line)
35
What occurs in step 1 of Endochondral ossification? (Cartilage model formation)
Mesenchymal cells -> osteoprogenitor cells -> chondroblasts -> Chondrocytes -> Hyaline Cartilage model for bone
36
What occurs in step 2 of Endochondral ossification? (Bone Collar Formation)
In Diaphysis, osteoblasts lay down compact bone on cartilage model surface = bone collar.
-grows inside and outside
-Calcifies cartilage
-no blood supply so matrix breaks down and becomes hollowed out in middle
37
What occurs in step 3 of Endochondral ossification? (Primary Ossification Center)
Primary Ossification center forms as osteoblasts lay down bone on calcified cartilage surface
-osteoblasts change calcified cartilage of Diaphysis into Spongy Bone, then remove center to form Medullary cavity for red bone marrow
38
What occurs in step 4 of Endochondral ossification? (Secondary ossification center)
Created in Epiphyses, forms Epiphyses of bones (last appears in clavicle of 18-20 y/o)
- continual cartilage turn to bone
39
What occurs in step 5 of Endochondral ossification? (Adult bone)
Mature bone (spongy and compact are fully developed)
-Epiphyseal plate becomes Epiphyseal Line!
40
Where do bones grow?
At the Epiphyseal Plate (connects Diaphysis to Epiphysis)
41
What end does bone expand from?
It expands at BOTH ends!
-bone is added to Diaphysis via Calcification
-Epiphyseal ends are pushed out to become longer
*rates of growth is equal for both sides*
42
What happens once bone reaches normal adult size? When does this occur?
It stops growing, the Epiphyseal Plate = Ossifies into the Epiphyseal Line!
-damage to plate before this may interfere with bone length
-occurs from age 12-25
43
Does remodeling occur continuously within the skeleton?
Yes! Some bones may be long lasting if nothing goes wrong, but usually the entire skeleton is replaced every 10 years
44
What are the 2 factors that affect gene expression of bone growth?
1: Nutrition (need vitamin C and D)
2: Hormones (especially growth hormone)
45
What are the two things that can go wrong with nutrition and effect bone growth?
1: Vitamin D deficiency
-we need it to absorb Calcium from intestines
-can get from diet and from sun
- Rickets= lack of Vitamin D in kids
-Osteomalacia = lack of Vitamin D in adults
2: Vitamin C deficiency
-needed for Osteoblasts to make Collagen
-Scurvy = caused by no vitamin C
46
What are the 3 diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies?
1: Rickets
-caused by low vitamin D in kids
-bowed knees, joint inflammation
2: Osteomalacia
-low D in adults
-softened bones
3: Scurvy
-low vitamin C
-ulcers, hemorrhages, poor wound healing, teeth fall out
47
How do Hormones affect bone growth?
1: growth hormone (too much = giantism, too little = dwarfism)
2: Thyroid hormones
3: Reproductive hormones (start growth in women earlier than men)
48
What cells run bone deposit (like in times of injury or needing extra bone strength)?
Osteoblasts!
49
What do osteoclasts mediate?
Breaking down to bone matrix where less stress is inflicted on the bone
50
With what type of feedback loop is bone breakdown/ deposit controlled?
Negative feedback! Blood calcium levels dictate this
51
Calcitonin versus PTH?
Calcitonin: activates osteoblasts to deposit more bone matrix! “Calcitonin = bone in!”
PTH: activates osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium into the bloodstream
52
What’s Wolff’s law?
Bones remodel in response to the force/stress placed upon it!
“Use it or lose it”!
53
How do Hormonal and Mechanical stress both work to handle bone remodeling?
Hormonal = determines WHETHER and WHEN remodeling will occur (in response to changing blood calcium levels) no signal= no remodeling
Mechanical= determines WHERE remodeling occurs
54
What are the 3 examples of mechanisms of fracture?
1: Trauma
2: Pathologic (disease made bone brittle and easy to brake)
3: Periprosthetic (previously fixed area with rod broken again)
55
Closed versus open tissue damage?
Closed = bone still in place
Open = bone through skin surface
56
What does it mean if a bone is displaced?
The Bone ends are not aligned!
57
What does a linear fracture mean?
The cut in the bone is parallel to bone length (in line with the bone)
58
What does a spiral fracture mean?
The cut is the bone is twisting across the bone
-possibility of displacement or open wound
59
What does an Avulsion mean?
Bone fragment!
60
What does a stress/hairline fracture mean?
From overuse!
61
What does an incomplete fracture mean?
The cut goes through one area but not through whole bone
62
What does a complete fracture mean?
The cut goes through the bone completely
63
What does a comminuted fracture mean?
The bone is shattered into a bunch of little pieces
64
What is a green stick fracture?
In kids, when one side breaks and the other bends
65
What are the 4 steps to repair damage to a bone?
1: Hematoma formation (4 days: blood clot)
2: Fibrocartilage Callus formation (Fibrocartilage forms temporary splint)
3: Bony callus formation (2 months: spongy bone formation)
4: Remodeling (several months: final compact bone replaces spongy bone)
66
Do bones heal with the same strength they had before the break!
No! When a bone heals from a break it is stronger (has extra padding) in area of fracture than it did before!
67
How is a fracture healed?
ends together by manual manipulation to get them into alignment
-immobilization 8-12 weeks and cast
68
How is an open fracture repaired?
Surgery performed, ends held together by pins
-Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) (fixing it inside)
-External fixation: used when ORIF is too dangerous
69
What is Paget’s disease?
-high ratio of woven to compact bone (lots of weak bones)
-osteoblasts form irregular bone thickness
-affects women and men over 40, and affects the spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
70
What is osteoporosis?
Weakened/ porous bone which leads to deformity and prone to fracture
-more likely in women (bone density decrease at 40)
71
What are some of the causes of osteoporosis?
-decreased reproductive hormone level
-inadequate dairy/vitamin D intake
-Sedentary
-hysterectomy
-smoking
-proton pump inhibitor use for 5 years
72
How to diagnose Osteoporosis?
DEXA scan! (Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry)
73
Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis?
Prevent: calcium and vitamin D, weight bearing exercises
Treatment: Osteoclast inhibitors (biphosphonates), estrogen meds, calcitonin replacement, yearly shot
74
How many bones are there in the adult human body versus at birth?
206 in adult body and 270 at birth!
75
What are the two divisions in the skeletal system?
Axial Skeleton: Skull, Ossicles, Hyloid, Vertebrae, Rib cage ( the “main axis”)
Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs (“appendiges”)
76
How many bones are in the Axial skeleton?
80!
77
What are the ossicle bones? How many are there?
Your ear ossicles are the Malleus, Incus, and Stapes! (3 on each side for 6 total)
78
How many bones are in the cranial versus the face?
Cranial = 8
Facial = 14
79
What is Plantar Faciitis? (The cause and treatment too)
irritation of the plantar fascia due to excessive pulling on the calcaneus
-Causes: improper shoes, foot structure
-Treatment: PT, massage, stretch, and change shoes
80
What are the three arches of the foot?
1: transverse arch (goes from lateral side of the foot to medial side across metatarsal and tarsals)
2: medial longitudinal arch (goes from heel to toe, the talus is the keystone)
3: lateral longitudinal arch (goes from heel to toe, cuboid is keystone)
81
What is a march fracture?
Due to overuse/excessive walking, avulsion by the fifth metatarsal
82
What are the three points of interest on the tibia?
1: tibial condyles (medial and lateral): are tendons and ligaments attachment, knee extension
2: tibial tuberosity: where patellar tendon anchors
3: medial malleolus: distal medial surface (ankle)
83
What’s the largest longest and strongest bone in the body?
The femur
84
What kind of socket is the acetabulum in the femur?
Ball in socket joint
85
What are the four points of interest on the femur?
1: Fovea Capitis: short ligament that anchors femur to acetabulum
2: greater and lesser trochanter: site of thigh and butt muscle attachment
3: femoral neck: common site for femoral fractures in elderly
4: Medial and Lateral Epicondyles (attachment sits for collateral ligaments of the knee)
86
Female versus male pelvis?
Female: wider true pelvis (childbirth), lighter, more angled attachment (more prone to injury)
Male: bigger, stronger
87
What are the three pelvic bones?
1: ilium (biggest, has greater sciatic notch)
2: pubis (pubic body)
3: the Ishium (sitting bone) muscle attachment for hamstrings and Obturator foramen
88
True versus false pelvis?
True: the organs that the pelvis protects (bladder, uterus, rectum)
False: protection of lower, abdomen organs (surrounding peripheral)
89
Where do the three fused bones of the pelvic girdle join?
Acetabulum! (The socket for the ball of the femoral head)
90
What causes carpal tunnel syndrome? How do we treat it?
Overuse which leads to tendon inflammation, swelling, and compression in medial nerve at your wrist
Treatment: NSAIDS, wrist splints, surgery
91
What is the carpal tunnel formed by?
Ligaments and carpals
-Median nerve and nine tendons pass through
92
What two health problems arise with overuse of either the medial epicondyle or the lateral epicondyle of the humorous?
Medial epicondyle: golfers elbow, pain, and swelling in elbow, decreased ROM
Lateral epicondyle : tennis elbow
Treatments NSAIDS, ice, and rest
93
What causes the funny bone?
The presence of the older nerve behind the medial epicondyle
94
What is the trade-off for having good shoulder mobility?
There is poor reinforcement due to the shallow nature of the Glenohumeral joint, therefore it is easier to dislocate
95
What are the three joints of the pectoral girdle?
1: Sternoclavicular joint: Sternum connects to clavicle
2: Acromioclavicular joint: Distal end to Acromion Process of Scapula
3: Scapulothoracic Articulation (not truly a joint, it’s an Articulation! Muscles to vertebrae)
96
What two components make up the upper half of the appendicular skeleton?
1: the pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
2: the upper limbs (humorous, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges)
97
What two components make up the lower half of the appendicular skeleton?
1: the pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis)
2: the lower limbs (femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsal, phalanges)
98
What are the sub parts of the sternum?
One flat bone caused by three fused bones
1: manubrium
2: body
3: xiphoid process
(The sternal angle is where the manubrium and body meet)
99
What is the make up of ribs one through 12?
1-7 = true ribs
7-12 = false ribs
11 and 12 = floating
100
What are intervertebral discs?
They made a fibrocartilage in between the vertebrae of the spine
-to provide flexibility to column and absorb shock
101
What are the two sub parts of the intravertebral disks?
1: Annulus fribrosus: Fibrous ring of CT (outer ring)
2: Nucleus pulposus: gelatinous inner substance (leaks out with herniation)
102
Kyphosis versus lordosis?
Kyphosis: exaggerated, curvature, and upper thoracic and cervical spine (maybe due to osteoporosis)
Lordosis: exaggerated curvature of lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae
-Due to weak abdominal muscles
(Happens in pregnancy or beer belly)
103
What is the composition of the 26 bones/vertebrae that make up the vertebral column?
Cervical = 7
Thoracic = 12
Lumbar = 5
Sacral = 1
Coccyx = 1
104
How many bones are in the face?
14
105
What are the four paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxilla
106
What are the seven bones that protect the eye?
Frontal, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Maxilla, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, Palatine
107
What’s the nasolacrimal canal?
What causes your nose to run when you cry
108
What are the 3 parts of the temporal bone?
1: Squamous part: squamous suture
-zygomatic arch, mandibular fossa (where TMJ inflammation occurs)
2: Tympanic Part: external acoustic meatus (sound to Tympanic membrane)
3: Petrous Part: internal acoustic meatus, mastoid process, styloid process (tongue muscles)
-also includes jugular foramina and carotid canal
109
What are the two cranial bones?
1: Frontal= forehead
-coronal suture, Frontal sinus
2: Parietal = “protective” brain
-sagittal and Lambdoid
110
What are the 8 bones in the cranium?
Frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid
111
What are the cranial sutures?
4 immovable joints with jagged edges for strength!
1: Coronal (connects frontal and parietal)
2: Squamosal (connects Parietal and Occipital)
3: Sagittal (between Parietal)
4: Lambdoidal (connects Parietal Occipital)
112
Facet versus Condyle?
Facet: a smooth flatted surface covered in articular cartilage and forms one side of joint
Condyle: a large rounded protuberance covered in articular cartilage and forming the other side of the joint
113
What are the 5 types of joint disorders?
1: Sprain (torn ligaments-poor healing bc poor vascular
2: Strain (pulled Muscle/tendon)
3: Dislocation (joint out of socket)
4: Bursitis (inflammation of Bursa)
5: Tendonitis (inflammation of tendon sheaths)
114
What is treatment for joint disorders?
RICE (rest ice compression elevation)
115
What are the five accessory structures/terms of the knee?
1: meniscus (fibrocartilage that separates articulating bone surfaces and subdivides the synovial cavity)
2: Bursa (flattened sacks that are lined with synovial membrane fluid that prevent friction)
3: Tendon sheath (elongated bursa wraps around tendon)
4: ligaments (connect bones and prevent excess movement)
5: muscle tone (keeps tendons stable)
116
What is the meniscus?
Fibrocartilage that separates articulating bone surfaces and divides the synovial cavity
117
What happens when a meniscus is torn, but there is not severe damage?
A click sound can be heard when the leg extends
118
What happens when a meniscus is torn and there is severe damage?
Torn cartilage between articulating tibia and femur surfaces and knee locks the knee stuck in a position
119
What knee ligament can be torn with knee anterior movement/hyper extension?
The ACL ligament can tear
120
What knee ligament can be torn with knee posterior movement?
The PCL ligament can tear
121
What is the unhappy triad when it comes to knee injuries?
Tears the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus
-Caused by lateral force
122
What are the four joint reinforcement ligaments in the knee?
1: MCL = connects tibia to femur on medial knee (attached to medial meniscus)
2: LCL= connect fibula to femur on lateral knee
3: ACL = connects anterior fibula to posterior femur (prevent them from moving on their own)
4: PCL = connects posterior tibia to mid femur
123
How do you check for an ACL tear?
You perform the “Drawer Sign” to see if they are unable to prevent forward movement of tibia on femur
124
What are the “ three joints in one” that make up the knee joint?
1: Femoropatellar joint (patella and lower femur)
2: lateral Tibiofemoral joint
3: medial Tibiofemoral joint (femoral confused and menisci)
125
What are the four quadriceps muscles?
RF, VL, VM, and VI
126
What are the three broad ligaments that anchor the patella to the tibia?
1: Patellar ligament (connect patella to the tibial tuberosity)
2: medial patellar retinacula
3: lateral patellar retinacula (keep patella centered)
127
What type of joint is the knee joint?
A modified hinge joint
128
Why does the knee have minimal structural support?
Because it is primarily supported by soft tissues
129
What are the six types of synovial joints?
1: plane
2: hinge
3: pivot
4: condyloid
5: saddle
6: ball and socket
130
What is the plane joint?
Slight gliding motion, little bit of lateral movement
-ex: vertebrae
131
What is a hinge joint?
Allow One Directional movement
-ex: elbow and knee
132
What is a pivot joint?
A bony process that rotates in a ring
-
133
What is a condyloid joint?
Ellipsoid shape- modified ball and socket
-Can be biaxial (2 direction movement) (atlas and occipital condyles) or multiaxial (multi directions) (radiocarpel)
134
What is the saddle joint?
Two saddle shaped articulating surfaces at right angles
-biaxial = carpometacarpel of pollex
-multiaxial = sternoclavicular
135
What is the ball and socket joint?
Multi axial, most freely movable
Ex: glenohumeral (shoulder)
136
What is the definition of a joint?
Area were two or more bones meet
-They handle skeletal mobility and holding the skeleton together
137
What are the three types of joints? ( 2 names for each)
1: Fibrous/ Synarthrosis
2: Cartilaginous/ Diathrosis
3: Synovial/ Amphiarthrosis
138
What are the three types of fibrous/Synarthrotic joints?
(They all don’t move!)
1: Sutures (between cranial bones, immovable, stability)
-dense regular CT
2: Syndesmoses (bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments-radius and ulnar)
3: Gomphoses (rubber cement that holds something in place, slightly flexible during chewing -between teeth)
139
What is synostosis?
Suture that is fully ossified two bones grow together to form a single bone
140
What are the two types of cartilaginous/ diarthosis joints?
(Joined by cartilage, no jointed cavity)
(Amphiarthrotic = slight movement)
1: Synchondroses = Hyaline cartilage (on Epiphyseal plates of growing bones)
2: Symphyses = Fibrocartilage (in intervertebral disks and pubic symphysis to act as shock absorber)
141
What are synovial joints?
Closed joint cavity, filled with synovial fluid (comparable to serous fluid, but has more hyaluronic acid, so it’s more viscous)
-articular cartilage surround bones in joint capsules to prevent friction
-Diarthrotic = freely moveable
142
What creates the cracking knuckles sound?
The collapse of tiny bubbles in synovial fluid
Dense irregular CT
143
What does muscular fascia do?
Surrounds individual muscles and groups of muscles
144
What are the two types of arthritis?
Acute forms (due to bacterial infection, treat with antibiotics)
Chronic forms (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout)
145
What is osteoarthritis?
The most common chronic arthritis type
-Chronic degeneration due to overuse
-Causes breakdown of articular cartilage which causes bone on bone at joints
-Creates bone spurs/osteophytes which caused pain
-(does not have to do with inflammation/ auto immune)
-Treatment= medication to decrease swelling and pain
146
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Second most common arthritis, chronic inflammatory disorder/autoimmune
-Affects more than just joints (also skin, lungs, muscles)
-Idiopathic ideology but some genetic predisposition, auto immune targets collagen
- Synovial fluid and CT cells proliferate, thickens joint capsule and destroys articular cartilage
-Treatment= steroids and NSAIDS, immune suppressants (methotrexate)
147
What is gout?
When uric acid becomes excessive in blood (not properly excreted in urine) for crystals that deposit in joints
- TOPHI = urate crystals in joints (common in big toe and knee) extremely painful
Treatment = inflammatory meds/steroids and meds to block and remove uric acid
148
What are the two attachment points for skeletal muscles?
1: origin (immovable end)
2: insertion (movable end)
149
What are the three types of synovial movement?
1: gliding (simplest, in carpal bones, slide/glide)
2: angular (change in angles between bones at joint) Limb bends in relation to another body part
3: circular (rotation around axis in circular pattern) rotation of forearm
150
Flexion versus extension versus hyperextension?
Flexion: decrease in joint angle (bones closer together, for ex: moving arm towards you)
Extension : increase in joint angle (bones straighten)
Hyperextension: increase in joint angle more than 180° (can be normal or not, depending on the movement type) (for example, hyper extending your thumb)
151
Plantar flexion versus dorsiflexion?
Plantar flexion: point toes, ballerina
Dorsiflexion : walk on heels
152
Abduction versus Adduction?
Abduction: movement away from midline (stealing from midline)
Adduction: movement towards midline (adding to midline)
153
Rotation versus circumduction?
Rotation: rotates on long axis, but ends stay stable with twisting motion (forearm)
Circumduction : Movement in arc, cone shape, big circles. Freely movable. (Shoulder)
154
Pronation versus supination?
Pronation: forearm rotation, face down/palm down, Ulna and radius cross
Supination: forearm rotation, face up/palm up, Ulna and radius parallel
155
Elevation versus depression?
Elevation= raise superiorly
Depression = drop inferiorly
(Raising or dropping shoulders)
156
Protraction versus retraction versus lateral/medial excursion?
Protraction = glide anteriorly, jaw forward
Retraction= glide posteriorly, jaw retracts
Lateral excursion = move mandible away from midline
Medial excursion = move, mandible back to midline
157
Inversion versus eversion?
Inversion= plantar surface faces midline
Eversion = plantar surface faces AWAY from midline
158
Opposition versus reposition?
Opposition= touch thumb to other fingers on the same hand (separates us from primates)
Reposition = return thumb to neutral anatomical position
159
What are the four characteristics of muscles?
1: excitable (respond to stimuli)
2: contractible (shortens with height; muscles PULL, not push)
3: extensible (stretch beyond original resting length)
4: elasticity (recoil)
160
What are the three muscle types?
1: smooth muscle (involuntary control, one nucleus, no striations, walls of hollow organs)
2: skeletal muscle (voluntary control, multinucleate, striations, long cell stretch across tendon)
3: cardiac muscle (involuntary, one nucleus, striations, intercalated discs, heart only, pacemaker)
161
How are skeletal muscle cells made?
Many myoblast do myogenesis to come together to create multinucleated muscle (each myoblast = one nucleus)
-they range from 1mm to 30cm (1ft) long
162
What are satellite cells?
Stem cells found in skeletal muscle, usually just do nothing and chill, but are activated by muscle damage
-stimulated to divide and fuse with existing muscle fibers to fix muscle damage
163
Do skeletal muscle fibers undergo mitosis?
No! When damaged they don’t just get easily replaced
164
What are nuclear domains in skeletal muscle cells?
Nuclei that control localized regions in the skeletal muscle
165
Why does skeletal muscle need to be multinucleated?
Because nuclear signaling would be impossible from one end to the other without multiple nuclei due to how long the cell is
166
What is the composition of muscles?
75% water
20% protein
5% organic and inorganic compounds
167
What are the three ways that muscle can be anchored to bone?
1: tendon/strap
2: Aponeruosis/sheet
3: directly
(1 and 2 are indirectly: can withstand more friction and is stronger)
168
What are the subparts that make up a muscle starting from muscle fiber and going until the Epimysium?
1: individual muscle fiber/cell
2: Endomysium is between fibers and connect them
3: connected fibers wrap into a unit called a FASCICLE
4: fascicle has protective overcoat holding it together called PERIMYSIUM
5:entire unit of multiple fascicles is wrapped in CT overcoat called EPIMYSIUM
169
What is each muscle innervated by?
1 artery, 1 nerve, and at least 1 vein
170
Does each muscle fiber have its own nerve ending?
Yes! This controls its activity
171
What do blood vessels and nerves surround in your muscles?
Each muscle fiber and fascicle
172
What is a motor neuron?
Specialized nerve cell that stimulates, skeletal muscle contraction
-Comes from the brain/spinal cord to dictate movement
-Each motor neuron control several muscle fibers with each muscle fiber being controlled by a motor neuron branch, several units innervate a skeletal muscle
173
What is rigor mortis?
After death muscles stiffen due to no ATP (so muscles cannot relax after contraction)
-This occurs 3 to 4 hours after death until about 48 hours
174
What is a motor unit?
The functional contractile unit in skeletal muscle
-1 motor neuron plus all muscle fibers it innervates
(All muscle fibers contract at same time)
175
How do motor unit sizes variate?
There is no set ratio of muscle fibers to nerve axons for motor units
-Large= many fibers per axon
-small= few fibers per axon
176
Motor units used for fine motor control versus strength?
Fine motor control= smaller motor units
-Up to 15 fibers per axon (fingers, muscles)
Strength = larger motor units
-hundreds of fibers per axon, large force (thigh and leg muscles, shoulder muscles)
177
How long is a twitch and what does this refer to?
20-40 milliseconds
-Includes from when CA 2+ is released from SR until the power stroke stops
178
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
Muscles do not respond to nervous stimulation
-Due to acetylcholine receptors being destroyed by auto immune reaction
-Associated with thymus overgrowth, cured by thymus removal
179
What is Curare?
Arrowhead poison
-paralysis of all muscles, death due to inability to breathe
-we use it as a paralyzing agent or as treatment for tetanus
180
What is the sarcolemma?
The plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle cell
181
What is the sarcoplasm?
Cytoplasm and skeletal muscle cell that has excess glycogen and myoglobulin (to store oxygen)
182
What is the relationship between muscle fibers, myofibrils, and myofilaments?
Muscle fiber = made up of bundled myofibrils
Myofibrils = made up of bundled myofilaments
183
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
ER in skeletal muscle cell, regulates calcium, T tubule in Triad
184
What is a Sarcomere?
The smallest contractile unit
-stretches from Z line to Z line (thin/actin)
-has M line in the middle (thick/Myosin)
