Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 12 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What do atoms have?

A

Neutrons and protons in the nucleus, electrons in the outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are protons, neutrons, and electrons?

A

Subatomic particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What form of amino acids are used to make proteins?

A

L form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Hydrogen bonds holding water together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is surface tension and what causes it?

A

Cohesion allowing water not to rupture when the cup is full

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Allows water to stick to surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Electronegativity difference is greater than 2, electrons are given instead of shared. The substances have opposite charges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Strongest bond, electrons are shared which makes the elements more equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Weakest bond, formed between a partially negatively charged element and a partially positively charged hydrogen element.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a hydrophobic bond?

A

Formed between nonpolar substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is van der waals interaction?

A

Non polar, caused by change in electron density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a hydroxyl group and what does it do?

A

Polar, allows linkage through condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a methyl group?

A

nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a carboxyl group?

A

Releases H+ ion, making it acidic. Makes up amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an amino group

A

Accepts H+ ion, making it basic. Makes up amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a phosphate group?

A

Releases H+ ion, making it acidic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a sulfhydryl group?

A

Polar, stabilizes protein structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 4 kinds of macromolecules?

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What monomer makes up carbs?

A

Sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What monomer makes up proteins?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What monomer makes up nucleic acids?

A

Nucelotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What monomer makes up lipids?

A

Fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are fatty acids polar or nonpolar?

A

nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is condensation?
Dehydration synthesis water is released to make monomers to polymer
26
What is hydrolysis?
Water is added to make polymers to monomers
27
What is energy?
Capacity to do work and change
28
What is metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions at a time
29
What is potential energy
stored energy
30
What is kinetic energy?
energy in movement
31
What is free energy?
usable energy
32
+△G means?
unfavorable, energy is required
33
-△G means?
favorable, energy is released
34
What does anabolic mean?
Energy required, monomer to polymer(endergonic)
35
What does catabolic mean?
Energy released, polymer to monomer(exergonic/exothermic)
36
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy is not made or destroyed in transformations
37
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
the amount of free energy decreases when transformation occurs
38
What is the molecular formula of carbohydrates?
CnH2nOn or (CH2O)n
39
What is carbon linked to in the the carbohydrate molecular formula?
hydrogen or hydroxyl group
40
What are the roles of carbohydrates?
Storing energy Signaling Transporting stored energy
41
What type of linkages are in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic linkages (covalent) Disaccharide Oligosaccharides
42
What do oligosaccharides do?
Bond to lipids and proteins which can allow them to turn on
43
What is cellulose found in?
Plant cells
44
What is glycogen found in?
Animal cells
45
What is starch found in?
Plant cells
46
Which is the most compact and why? Starch Glycogen Cellulose
Glycogen, has the most branches
47
What is starch, cellulose, and glycogen made of?
Polysaccharides
48
What are the roles of lipids?
Energy storage Structure in cell membranes Thermal insulation
49
Why are lipids insoluble?
They are made up of fatty acids which is nonpolar
50
What are lipids held together by?
peptide bonds
51
List characteristics of unsaturated fats
-more double bonds -kinks in chain -not packed tightly -liquid at room temp
52
List characteristics of saturated fats
-more hydrogen -straight -packed tightly -solid @ room temp -from animals
53
What does amphipathic mean?
Substance has both polar and nonpolar parts
54
What type of chains do transunsaturated fats have?
straight
55
What are the characteristics of sterols?
-3 rings have 6 carbons - 1 has 5 carbons
56
How many hydrogen bonds does AT have?
2
57
How many hydrogen bonds does CG have?
3
58
What is the structure of DNA?
Double Helix Nucleotide has no oxygen AT and CG Stays in the nucleus
59
What is the structure of RNA?
Single stranded (tRNA can fold) Nucleotide has oxygen AU and CG leaves nucleus messenger transfer ribosomal
60
Where are saturated fats from?
animals
61
What type of fats are liquid at room temperature?
unsaturated
62
How many hydrophobic regions do integral proteins have?
one or more
63
What is the primary structure made out of
amino acid sequence peptide bonds
64
What is the secondary structure made of?
alpha and beta pleated sheets hydrogen bonds
65
What is the tertiary structure made of?
Mix of alpha and beta pleated sheets noncovalent bonds
66
What is the quaternary structure made of?
Multiple tertiary structures
67
Which terminus are substances added to?
C temrinus
68
What terminus has the amino acid sequence?
N terminus
69
What happens in a hypertonic environment?
Outside has more than the cell cell shrinks
70
What happens in a hypotonic environment
Inside has more than the cell cell can burst
71
What is primary active transport?
ions/ molecules are moved up from hydrolysis uses ATP
72
What is secondary active transport?
different substances are transported ATP not directly used

Biology 12 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions