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Biology 12 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What regulates the eukaryotic cell cycle?

A

checkpoints and regulators

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2
Q

List positive regulators in the cell cycle

A

cyclin, CDK

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3
Q

what is cyclin?

A

positive regulator

proteins that are made and broken and specific times

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4
Q

what is CDK

A

activates by binding to cyclin(active site exposed)

phosphorylates target proteins to regulate cell cycle

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5
Q

List negative regulators of the cell cycle

A

Rb
p53
p21

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6
Q

What is Rb and what does it do?

A

protein that monitors cell size

active and dephosphorylated

binds to transcritopn factor, blocking G1/S transition

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7
Q

What happens to Rb if the cell size increases?

A

Rb phosphorylates and becomes in active, relasing E2F, allowing cell cycle to continue

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8
Q

What is p53 and what does it do?

A

negative regualtor

monitors DNA damage

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9
Q

What does p53 do if there is DNA damage in the cell?

A

stops cell cycle

calls repair enzymes

if doesn’t work, cell death

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10
Q

What is p21 and what does it do?

A

negative regulator

binds to p53 and inhibits CDK/cyclin

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11
Q

What are tumor suppressors and what do they do?

A

negative cell cycle regulator

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12
Q

What happens if a tumor supressor is mutated/inhibited?

A

too many cell divisions and to little cell death-> tumor

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13
Q

What are proto-oncogenes and what do they do?

A

postive cell cycle regulator

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14
Q

What happens if a proto-oncogene is mutated or inhibited?

A

too much cell division-> tumor

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15
Q

what is the product of asexual reproduction

A

clone cells

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16
Q

what is the product of sexual reproduction

A

genetically different cells

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17
Q

what is fusion of gametes

A

fertilization

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18
Q

what is the product of germ cells undergoing meiosis

A

haploid gametes

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19
Q

what does fertilization produce

A

diploid zygote

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20
Q

what happens in prophase I of meiosis

A

homologs pair

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21
Q

what happens in prometaphase I of meiosis?

A

homologs cross over

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22
Q

what happens in metaphase I of meiosis?

A

kinetichore goes to centromere, lined up at midline independtly

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23
Q

what happens in anaphase I of meiosis?

A

homologs separate

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24
Q

what happens in telophase I of meiosis

A

chromosomes decondense and gather at opposite ends

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25
what happens in prohase II of meiosis?
sister chromatids condense
26
what happens in prometaphse II of meiosis?
nuclear envelopes disappear spindle fibers engase kinetochore on sister chromatids
27
what happens in anaphase II of meiosis?
sister chromatids pulled apart by shortened micro tubules
28
what happens in telophase II of meiosis
chromosomes decondese and go to opposite ends
29
how does meisos cause genetic diversity?
when homologs cross, they get different outcomes by the pull when theyre separated
30
what type of cells does mitosis end in?
similar diploids
31
what type of cells does meiosis end in
different haploids
32
What did Gregor Mendel work with and why?
garden peas bc they self fertilize
33
what is the ratio in a monohybrid cross?
3:1 3 is dominant, 1 is recessive
34
dihybrid cross ratio
9:3:3:1
35
what is a characteristic?
observable trait
36
what is a trait
form of a character
37
what is true breeding
where plants have same variety as crossed
38
is true breeding heterozygous or homozygous
homozygous
39
what is mendels law of segration
alleles separate when gametes are made
40
provide proof of mendels law of segregation
anaphase I of meiosis
41
what is mendels law of independent assortment
alleles assort independently when gametes are made (because of the separation)
42
provide proof of mendels law of independent assortment
metaphase I of meisosis, they line up independently
43
what is independent assortment
assorting on different chromosomes
44
show an autosomal dominant genotype
AA or Aa
45
show an autosomal recessive genotype
aa
46
what is epistasis
where certain alleles mask the effect of other alleles
47
define genetic linkage
genes on same chrmosome
48
what is locus
location of gene
49
what is a gentic map made of
recombination frequencies
50
anueploidy definition
too many/ too few chromosomes
51
monosomy
2n-1
52
trisomy
2n+1
53
polyploidy
extra set of chromosomes
54
triploid
3n
55
tetraploid
4n
56
deletion
loss of chromosomal segment
57
dubplication
repeat of chromosomal segment
58
inversion
180 flip of chromosomal segment
59
translocation
piece of chromosome moved to another
60
maternal age effect
older you get, higher risk of abnormal chromosomes
61
what is the chromosome theory of inheritance
since chromosomes are on genes, inheritance is explained by behavior of chromosome
62
what is thomas hunt famous for
-geneticist -helped us understand genetic linkage and chromosome theory of inheritance
63
what determines genetic linkage
recombinace frequency of less than 50%
64
what happens if recombinance frequency is 50%
on different chromosomes, assort independently
65
what happens if recombinance frequency is less than 50%
on same chromosome, has genetic linkage
66
why would nondisjunction occur?
-if homologs dont separate in anaphase I of meiosis -if sister chromatids dont separate in anaphase II of meiosis
67
what n bases are purines?
AG
68
what n bases are pyrimadines
CT
69
what do nucleotides consist of?
phosphate groups, nitrogenase bases, deoxyribose
70
what was griffiths experiment about
transforming principle
71
what was hershey and chase's experiment about
genetic material (bacteriophoase)gets injected and allows for modification
72
what was macleod+mccarthy+avery's experiment about
dna from strain can genetically transform S cells to R cells
73
what did watson+crick prove
there are equal amounts of each base and their pair
74
what is in deoxyribose
sugar, n bases, phosphate groups
75
whats semi conservative dna replicatio
one exact copy(parental) one new copy
76
where does replication begin
ori
77
how many ori do prokaryotes have
1
78
how many ori do eukaryotes have
multiple
79
describe the process of dna replication
-unwinds, both become parental -template
80
what does topiosomerase do
prevent too much coiling
81
what does helicase do
unzip
82
what does primase do
makes up RNA primer
83
why is primase important
used to make daughter strand
84
what do single-strand binding proteins do
keep strands open
85
what is telomerase
RNA that complimets overhang of 3' end
86
how is DNA corrected?
proofreading mismatch repair
87
how does proof reading work and when
after replication, recognizes and repairs errors
88
how does mismatch repair work and when
during replication, scans for mismatched bases and repairs

Biology 12 (5 decks)

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