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Abnormal Psych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

localized memory loss

A

forget events within a time period

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2
Q

selective memory loss

A

forget some but not all events within time period

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3
Q

generalized memory loss

A

loss of memory for personal identity

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4
Q

continuous memory loss

A

person cannot make new memories

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5
Q

dissociative fugue

A

subtype of dissociative amnesia
most regain memories and have no recurrence

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6
Q

psychological explanations for dissociative amnesia

A

psychodynamic- repression of painful information
self-hypnosis- used to forget trauma event
state dependent learning- trauma memories rigidly linked to arousal states

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7
Q

primary treatments for dissociative amnesia

A

recovery is often spontaneous
but psychodynamic therapy, hypnosis, or barbiturates can be used to restore memory

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8
Q

diagnostic features of DID

A

2 or more distinct personalities (own memories, behaviors, and emotions)
memory gaps
distress/dysfunction

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9
Q

competing explanations for DID

A

trauma based- personalities develop to “hold” painful memories
malingering- client is faking the disorder
iatrogenic- client is highly susceptible and therapist uses suggestive techniques so client (unconsciously) creates personalities

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10
Q

DID treatment goals

A

stability, safety, and boundaries
recognize DID
memory recovery
integrating personalities
maintenance treatment

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11
Q

depersonalization

A

feeling disconnected from self
observing self from outside

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12
Q

derealization

A

sense of unreality or detachment from surroundings

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13
Q

depersonalization-derealization

A

a dissociative disorder because of a disturbance in self-in-the-world
memory is NOT a core problem
single experiences are common but disorder is not
can be symptoms of other conditions

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14
Q

2 main types of appraisals that influence stress reactions

A

threat appraisals
coping appraisals

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15
Q

developmental perspective of fear and anxiety

A

fear and anxiety occur across the lifespan
can be similar or different
coping skills and resources change over time

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16
Q

fear

A

immediate alarm to threat
create the same physiological reaction as anxiety

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17
Q

anxiety

A

alarm to anticipated threat
create the same physiological reaction as fear

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18
Q

anxiety disorders

A

most common disorders in US (29%)
diagnosed when anxiety is severe, frequent, long-lasting, or too easily/inappropriately triggered

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19
Q

specific phobias and agoraphobia

A

-excessive fear of object of situation
-exposure elicits immediate fear
-avoid object or situation
-symptoms last 6+ months
-distress or dysfunction

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20
Q

specific phobias

A

fear of specific object or situation
DSM subtypes: animal, nature, blood-injection-injury, situational

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21
Q

agoraphobia

A

avoid places that might cause panic and make person feel trapped, helpless, or embarrassed
public transport, being in a crowd/line, and open/enclosed spaces are common fears
anxiety is caused by the fear that there is no easy escape or help

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22
Q

explanations for phobias

A

-learned through classical conditioning, modeling
-predisposition to learn certain fears based on evolutionary preparedness
-maintained by avoidance because avoidance is reinforced by fear reduction

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23
Q

treatments for phobias

Study These Flashcards
A

exposure therapy (70% of people improve)
systematic desensitization- fear hierarchy, gradual exposure + relaxation
modeling
flooding (not typically recommended)

24
Q

Panic disorder

Study These Flashcards
A

recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
1+ month of worry about attacks
related change in behavior (avoidance)

25
panic attack symptoms
pounding heart, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, feelings of choking, chest pain, nausea, dizzy, chills/heat, numbness/tingling, derealization, fear of losing control, fear of dying
26
biological explanations for panic disorders
early explanations focused on NE activity in locus coeruleus evolving explanations focus on a hyperactive panic circuit or an inherited predisposition
27
cognitive explanations for panic disorder
bodily sensations are experienced intensely and focused on, and then (mis)interpreted as harmful
28
biological panic disorder treatment
antidepressants (NE), benzodiazepines relapse of panic attacks typically happen when meds are stopped
29
cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder
educate about panic attacks help person correct misinterpretations (identify expectations, teach new interpretations, teach new coping skills) biological challenge test to produce panic symptoms and practice new interpretations 80% of people improve with this treatment with no major relapse
30
social anxiety diagnostic features
high anxiety in social or performance situations fear of acting in a way that will be negatively evaluated or cause offense to others the situations elicit anxiety and are avoided distress or impairment present
31
cognitive-behavioral explanation for social anxiety
high social standards view self as unlikable perception of low anxiety control three above add together to expect social disasters and avoidance of social situations
32
social anxiety treatments
cognitive-behavioral therapy (exposure to social situations and social skills training) antidepressants both therapies have similar outcomes but less relapse with therapy
33
generalized anxiety disorder criteria
excessive anxiety and worry (happens more days than not about multiple things that are difficult to control) symptoms for 6+ months (feeling on edge, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, fatigued, sleep problems) significant distress or dysfunction
34
sociocultural theory of GAD
GAD is more common in dangerous environments (especially poverty in US)
35
modern cognitive behavioral therapies
key idea is that GAD results from maladaptive thinking (esp about danger) meta cognitive theory, intolerance of uncertainty theory, avoidance theory
36
meta cognitive theory
worrying helps me prepare + worry is harmful = worrying about worrying
37
intolerance of uncertainty theory
i must be 100% certain that danger will not happen + I must prevent the danger = constant worry about uncertainty and things cannot control
38
avoidance theory
worry distracts from physical arousal symptoms + distraction reinforces worry = GAD
39
cognitive behavioral treatment for GAD
psychoeducation self monitoring cognitive restructuring Goal: decrease perceptions of danger and become more accepting of fears/worries
40
biological explanations for GAD
heritability plays a role antianxiety meds reduce GABA two brain circuits may be involved (1 in physiology and 1 in cognition)
41
biological treatments for GAD
anxiolytics- barbiturates (highly addictive) and benzodiazepines antidepressants- those that target serotonin and NE
42
OCD diagnosis
obsessions, compulsions, or both symptoms take up a lot of time cause significant distress or impairment
43
obsessions
persistent and intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images trigger anxiety common themes: dirt/contamination, losing control, harm, perfectionism, religion, sexuality
44
compulsions
repetitive behaviors or mental acts a person "must" perform occur in response to obsessions that can reduce anxiety in the short term common themes: cleaning, checking, order/balance, touching, verbalizing, counting
45
biological causes of OCD
genetic link established evidence points to atypical serotonin activity in orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei atypicality in brain circuits that convert sensory info into thoughts and actions, detect errors, and inhibit responses
46
OCD treatments
serotonin based antidepressants 50-80% or people improve, but relapse when stopped cognitive behavioral therapy (exposure and response prevention)
47
exposure and response prevention for OCD
help the person expose themselves to triggers (usually in a hierarchy process) help person refrain from the compulsion until anxiety diminishes
48
OCD related disorders
hoarding disorder trichotillomania (hair pulling) excoriation disorder (skin picking) body dysmorphic disorder
49
post traumatic stress disorder
experiencing fear and other symptoms long after a traumatic event symptoms include: increased arousal, negative emotions, and guilt reexperiencing the traumatic event avoidance reduced responsiveness and dissociation
50
biological factors for stress disorders
brain-body stress routes- increased arousal, even before trauma, can be associated with PTSD (cortisol and NE) stress circuit- amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and hippocampus connections inherited predisposition
51
cognitive factors for stress disorders
inflexible coping style and intolerance for uncertainty
52
stress disorder treatments
antidepressants, cognitive-behavioral therapy, couple/family therapy, and/or group therapy
53
prolonged exposure
clients confront trauma-related objects and situations but also painful memories of traumatic experiences
54
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
move eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while thinking "repressed" things
55
psychological debriefing
victims talk about feeling and feelings
56
state dependent learning
learning that becomes associated with the the conditions under which it is learned, remembrance occurs in the same conditions

Abnormal Psych (2 decks)

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