Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Abnormal Psych > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

5 domains of depression symptoms

A
  1. emotional (sadness, guilt, irritability)
  2. motivational (dec interest, drive)
  3. behavioral (less productive, isolate self)
  4. cognitive (negative views, dec conc)
  5. physical (sleep issues, ailments)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

major depressive disorder

A
  • unipolar depression
    -5+ symptoms for 2+ weeks
    -depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure (required)
    -4+ extra symptoms (fatigue, sleep, weight, guilt, psychomotor, death thoughts)
    -distress or impairment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

-unipolar depression
-depression symptoms for most days for 2+ years (no mania)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bipolar 1

A

-Prescence of manic episodes
- 1+ weeks, most of day
-inflated mood and energy, high self esteem, talkative
-depressive episodes are common but not required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bipolar 2

A

depressive episode
hypomanic episode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

5 domains of manic symptoms

A
  1. emotional (intense emotions, euphoria)
  2. motivational (inc drive, action)
  3. behavioral (high activity, risky?, fast talk)
  4. cognitive (poor judgement, grandeur)
  5. physical (high energy, dec sleep need)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

depressive disorder diagnosis

A

-distress/impairment required
-NOT due to substance use or medical condition
- differential diagnoses: bipolar, “normal” grief, schizophrenia condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

possible features of depression

A

seasonal pattern
peripartum onset
melancholic (loss of pleasure)
psychotic features (delusions)
catatonia (extreme motor activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

depressive symptoms week before period
is this a physical condition or a psychological one??

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

depression + severe outbursts
diagnosed in childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MDD etiology

A

equifinality vs multifinality
multiple risk factors
impact of factors depend on timing, interaction, and whether or not there are protective factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

prenatal risk factors for MDD

A

genetic factors
over-reactive HPA axis, depression brain circuitry, and abnormal serotonin, NE, or glutamate can be inherited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

depression-related brain cicuitry

A

overlap with PTSD circuitry
structure and activity differences in hippocampus (smaller), amygdala (active), and anterior cingulate cortex
low NE and S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

early childhood risk factors for drepression

A

adverse child experiences (parent loss, trauma)
inadequate parenting (absence, depression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

parenting impact on depression

A

psychodynamic- real or symbolic loss causes introjection (anger or sadness directed at one self)
biological- inadequate parenting triggers HPA pathway, trauma may cause dysfunction in depression brain circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

middle childhood depression risk factors

A

biological risk may create patterns of feeling and thinking which increase depression risk
maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad, automatic negative thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

maladaptive attitudes

A

evaluative beliefs about self, very often negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cognitive triad

A

negative views about themselves, experiences in the world, and future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

adolescence risk factors for depression

A

stress and the immune system- inevitable stressors activate HPA axis and dysregulate immune system
social factors- protective constructive behavioral engagement and risk social withdrawal
gender risk factors- 2:1 difference for women:men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

constructive behavioral engagement

A

protective factor
Ex: going to school, parties, work, etc.
more opportunities for rewards and less depression risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

learned helplessness

A

no control over life’s events and reinforcers
leads to feeling helpless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

risk factors in adulthood for depression

A

learned helplessness
attributions (explanations for events) that are internal, stable, or global/”always”
new stressors (college, work, family)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

overview of depression treatment

A

50% of people seek treatment
50-60% show significant improvement with cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, meds, brain stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

behavioral activation (Lewinsohn)

A

cognitive-behavioral therapy
increase constructive activity and change consequences to reward non-depressive behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
cognitive-behavioral therapy increase constructive activities educate client on cognitive triad cognitive restructuring to identify, challenge, and replace depression-linked thoughts
26
acceptance and commitment therapy
cognitive-behavioral therapy do not NEED to eliminate negative cognitions, but instead use mindfulness and related techniques to help client accept things as they are, not as negative or positive
27
sociocultural barriers to depression treatment
address barriers to treatment: stigma, family beliefs, no community resources, costs, language barriers, lack of culturally sensitive care, discrimination
28
interpersonal psychotherapy
core idea: social factors influence mood and vice versa depression linked to interpersonal loss, role disputes, role transitions, deficits goals: cope with interpersonal events, improve social support, improve mood and social functioning
29
couples therapy
sociocultural approach for couples with relationship distress and 1 member with depression goals: improve communication, problem-solving skills, caring and acceptance as effective as CBT
30
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
MAO enzyme breaks down S and NE MAO inhibitors stops this MAOI allows tyramine to accumulate which increases risk for high blood pressure
31
tricyclics
blocks reuptake of S and NE dry mouth, blurred vision, relapse if stopped taking too soon
32
second generation antidepressants
acts on reuptake mechanisms includes SSRIs fewer side effects, no diet restrictions, lower risk of overdose
33
ketamine antidepressants
increases activity of glutamate in brain, might promote new neural pathway development pros: quickly reduces depression, helps those who don't respond to other meds cons: short term impact, very addictive
34
effectiveness of antidepressant drugs
50-60% of people feel better many responders still have many symptoms 10-30% do not respond to any antidepressant maintenance drug therapy often needed
35
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
electrical current applied to cause a seizure controversial history because of injury, major memory loss, but is safer today
36
use of ECT for depression
treatment-resistant severe depression 6-12 sessions over 2-4 weeks muscle relaxants and anesthetics given mild memory loss may occur 60-80% of treatment resistant patients improve
37
vagus nerve stimulation
10th cranial nerve communicates between brain and major organs parasympathetic fibers pulse generator in chest sends electrical signals to vagus nerve for stimulation
38
transcranial magnetic stimulation
electromagnetic coil placed above patient's head sends current into brain
39
deep brain stimulation
electrodes implanted in subgebual cingulate not FDA approved because evidence is inconsistent
40
psychodynamic therapy for depression
therapists use free association and interpretation to work through loss, bring out unconscious grief into consciousness, and reduce dependence most effective for moderate depression or working through loss
41
biological vs psychotherapy effectiveness
drugs decrease symptoms faster but relapse risk is lower for psychotherapy more helpful to do both than either one alone
42
common features of schizophrenia
psychotic symptoms (not in contact with reality loss of functioning enormous costs (self, friends, family, money)
43
prevalence of schizophrenia
1 in 100 worldwide equal in men and women more common in lower SES (poverty stress triggers disorder or disorder leads to dysfunction that leads to poverty)
44
schizophrenia course and prognosis
avg onset is late teens-early 30s stages of disorder chronic condition for most people better outcomes with good premorbid functioning, sudden onset/stress trigger, early treatment
45
phases of schizophrenia
1. prodromal- deterioration begins, mild 2. active- symptoms acute 3. residual- return to prodromal levels
46
psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia
movement abnormalities- odd movements, repeated grimaces catatonia is a severe motor disturbance these things are less common today because of advanced meds
47
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
deficits- traits that are lacking avolition- lack of motivation social withdrawal Alogia- poverty of speech restricted emotion
48
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
hallucinations delusions disordered speech and thought inappropriate affect
49
hallucinations
sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli auditory is most common but can be visual, tactile, somatic
50
delusions
strongly held false beliefs, not cultural Ex. delusions of grandeur, persecution, reference, somatic delusions
51
disordered speech and thought
loose association (derailment) neologisms (made-up words) perseveration (repetition) clang (rhyme)
52
inappropriate affect
emotions unsuited to the situation Ex. inappropriate laughter person's affect may not match their felt experience
53
diagnosing schizophrenia
1. loss of contact with reality in 2+ areas: -delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, negative symptoms 2. marked decrease in functioning in 1+ area: -occupational, social, or personal care 3. symptoms last 6+ months 4. exclusion diagnoses is symptoms due to depression, substance abuse, medical condition
54
related psychotic disorders
SEE PAPER SLIDES SHEET
55
genetic explanations for schizophrenia
multiple chromosomes are affected a polygenic disorder heritability estimates up to 80%
56
viral explanations for schizophrenia
prenatal viral exposure has been linked to higher winter births and maternal influenza virus triggers brain abnormalities
57
biochemical explanations for schizophrenia
excess dopamine antipsychotic meds dec DA amphetamines inc dopamine and can trigger psychosis Parkinson's meds inc DA and can lead to psychotic symptoms challenge: new meds affect serotonin
58
brain circuitry explanations for schizophrenia
evidence of structural abnormalities (enlarged ventricle, small frontal lobe), dysfunction of multiple structures, abnormal interconnectivity
59
psychological explanations of schizophrenia
psychodynamic- historical view, not supported behavioral- operant conditioning view where person reinforced for bizarre behavior, not supported as cause but maybe shape expression cognitive- person misinterprets symptoms (person has hallucination -> family doesn't believe them -> develops paranoia)
60
sociocultural explanations for schizophrenia
better recovery in developing nations? social labeling theory might reinforce high levels of stigma and discrimination can impact functioning negative expressed emotions (EE) in families may play a role
61
diathesis stress explanation for schizophrenia
diathesis- bio factors place person at risk stressors- bio, psych, social trigger the disorder and influence course treatment needs to address biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
62
community mental health act (1963)
deinstitutionalization, treatment in community settings, a range of mental health services
63
assertive community treatment model for schizophrenia
decreased symptoms, increased quality of life comprehensive treatments plans include meds, relapse plan, employment support, family support, psychotherapy, supports for daily living with the person in the middle of it all
64
antipsychotics for schizophrenia
more effective than any other single approach 70% show symptom reduction typically needed but not sufficient conventional- neuroleptics, dec pos symptoms, Parkinson's like effects (extrapyramidal), tardive dyskinesia second gen- atypical, dec pos and neg symptoms, can have weight gain or dizziness
65
supervised residences
paraprofessional staff help person avoid rehospitalization milieu Therapy approach- respect and openness, promote individual responsibility, productive activity, and community engagement
66
CBT therapy for those with schizophrenia
cognitive remediation- computer tasks to improve social awareness and problem solving hallucination reinterpretation- educated about bio cause and challenge hallucination's power new wave CBT- accept problematic thought
67
relapse plan for schizophrenia
chronic condition for 75% medication reassessment, 24-hour supervised living, short term hospitalization, and day programs

Abnormal Psych (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions