exam 2 Flashcards
(48 cards)
ptosis:
drooping upper lid, occurs from neuromuscular weakness, oculomotor cranial nerve 3 damage, sympathetic nerve damage, congenital, positional defect gives the person a sleepy appearance
vertigo:
a symptom that causes a person to feel like they or the world around them is moving or spinning, even when they are not, objective vertigo:the room is spinning, subjective vertigo they feel like they are spinning themself
presbyopia:
lens loses elasticity, becoming hard and glasslike, which decreases ability
to change shape to accommodate for near vision, farsightedness
myopia:
nearsightedness or short-sightedness, is an eye condition that makes it difficult to see objects that are far away
how to best assess for temperature on skin?
-use backs of hands to palpate
-skin should be WARM, and temperature EQUAL BILATERALLY, WARMTH suggest NORMAL CIRCULATORY STATUS
-hands and feet may be slightly cooler in a cool environment
ABCDEF acronym?
A: asymmetry
B: border irregularity
C: color variations
D: diameter > 6 mm
E: evolution
F: funny looking
what is the meaning of xerosis?
dry skin
papule:
Felt and caused by superficial thickening of the epidermis
what are the types of headaches?
tension, migraines, cluster headaches, sinus, rebound, exertion, hormonal
what is clubbing of the nails?
Nails curve around fingertips
- Could be due to lung disease, infection, neoplastic disease, or vascular disease. (nail tissue can’t get enough oxygen)
what is normal for lymph nodes?
movable (mobile), discrete, soft, non-tender, and < 1cm
what is a migraine?
pain is throbbing, can be associated with auras, pain is supraorbital, retro-orbital, or fronto-temporal
normal findings in palpations for trachea and thyroid?
trachea: should be midline, palpate for any tracheal shift, note any deviation from midline
thyroid: difficult to palpate; check for enlargement, consistency,
symmetry, and presence of nodules, anterior and posterior, look for bruit if enlarged
how to best assess lymph nodes?
1) using a gentle circular motion
of finger pads, palpate lymph
nodes
2) beginning with pre-auricular
lymph nodes in front of ear,
palpate the 10 groups of lymph
nodes in routine order
3) many nodes are closely packed,
so you must be systematic and
thorough in your examination
4) do not vary sequence or you
may miss some small nodes
assessing lymph nodes on neck:
Use gentle circular motion of finger pads
Begin with pre-auricular lymph nodes in front of eat, palpate the 10 groups of lymph nodes in routine order
hyperthyroidism symptom’s: (graves disease)
physical presentation neck and face:
-goiter
-eyelid retraction
-exophthalmos
what does a snellen chart do? test for visual acuity
-snellen alphabet chart is most commonly used and accurate
measure of visual acuity.
-it has lines of letters arranged in decreasing size.
-place chart in a well-lit spot at eye level; position the person exactly
20 feet from chart; hand the person an opaque card with which to
shield one eye at a time during test.
-if the person wears glasses or contact lenses, leave them on;
remove only reading glasses.
-ask the person to read through chart to smallest line of letters
possible; encourage trying next smallest line also
(Numerator) The feet/ distance at which that patient can read
(Denominator) what a normal person can read at ___ feet.
what is the confrontation test for eyes?
-gross measure of peripheral vision; compares the person’s peripheral vision with yours
-direct the person to cover one eye with an opaque card and with other eye to look straight at you.
-cover your own eye opposite to the person’s covered one; you are testing uncovered eye.
-hold pencil or your finger as target midline between you and the person, and slowly advance it in from periphery in several directions
-normal results are about 50 degrees upward, 90 degrees temporal, 70 degrees down, and 60 degrees nasal
what are the 6 cardinal positions of gaze test?
-follow movement of penlight or object proceeding clockwise.
-assess for potential EOM muscle
weakness, nystagmus, or lid lag
what is PERRLA?
Pupils Equal, Round, React to Light, and Accommodation
Normal findings of assessing eyes for accommodation
Accommodation: adaptation of eye for near vision
- Pupillary constriction
- Convergence (motion toward) of the axes of the eyeballs
Interpretation of inner retina red reflex
Normal constriction of pupils when bright light shines on retina
Retinal structures that can be viewed with the ophthalmoscope
optic disc, optic cup, veins, arteries, fovea, macula
Visual changes not common with aging
Conjunctivitis, iritis, primary angle-closure glaucoma, subconjunctival hemorrhage, herpes simplex virus
In lens- central gray, star shaped
