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BSC 322 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA -> RNA -> protein

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2
Q

what is semi-conservative DNA replication?

A

each new DNA molecule is made up of one old strand and one newly formed strand

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3
Q

Why is DNA called a double helix?

A

due to its structure

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4
Q

Describe DNA replication

A

DNA is unwinded, both sides are copied, then wound back together to make 2 identical DNA molecules

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5
Q

What causes gene mutation?

A

errors in replication
radiation
chemical exposure
infections

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6
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA and proteins, histones

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7
Q

What is bacterial transformation?

A

the process in which a bacterial cell takes up DNA from its environment and gains new traits from it

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8
Q

describe the general structure of DNA

A

double helix made of nucleotides. each nucleotide has a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

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9
Q

describe the general structure of RNA

A

single stranded, ribose, and contains uracil rather than thymine

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10
Q

what roles do DNA repair enzymes play?

A

DNA repair enzymes identify and correct damage or errors in the DNA

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11
Q

list the various enzymes involved in DNA replication

A

Helicase: unwinds
primase: synthesizes RNA primes
DNA polymerase: adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand
ligase: joins fragments
topoisomerase: prevents supercoiling

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12
Q

what are ribosomes made of?

A

rRNA and proteins

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13
Q

what role do histone proteins play?

A

organize and package DNA within the nucleus by forming nucleosomes

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14
Q

how many nucleotide bases does it take to specify one amino acid?

A

3

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15
Q

what evidence shows that genes specify amino acid sequences in proteins

A

mutations can alter specific amino acids in proteins

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16
Q

what is a codon?

A

a sequence of 3 nucleotide bases that correspond to an amino acid

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17
Q

what is the importance of a triplet code in protein synthesis?

A

allows for 64 possible codon configurations

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18
Q

Operon

A

group of genes under the control of a single promoter

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19
Q

promoter

A

a DNA sequence that initiates gene transcription

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20
Q

operator

A

a segment within an operon that can bind to regulatory proteins

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21
Q

repressor protein

A

regulatory protein that binds to the operator region to prevent transcription

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22
Q

exons

A

segments of a gene that code for proteins

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23
Q

introns

A

non-coding sections of a gene that are removed during RNA processing

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24
Q

what is the function of an intron?

A

influence gene expression

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25
what is a gene made from?
DNA
26
during which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
S phase (synthesis phase)
27
what are the three steps in protein synthesis
Transcription: DNA to mRNA Translation: mRNA to protein Post-translation: protein undergoes folding and modifications
28
what makes the genetic code universal?
most of the DNA sequence is identical across all organisms
29
what are the start and stop codons?
Start: AUG (methionine) Stop: UAA, UAG, UGA
30
What is transcription?
DNA to RNA
31
what role does RNA polymerase play in transcription?
it synthesizes RNA from the DNA template
32
antiparallel stands:
strand run in opposite directions. One in 5' to 3' prime, the other in 3' to 5'
33
base sequence:
the order the nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule
34
Chargaff rule:
in any DNA molecule, [A] = [T] and [C] = [G]
35
Chromosomes:
structures within cells that contain DNA wrapped around proteins
36
DNA ligase:
joins okazaki fragments
37
DNA polymerase:
synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to a template strand
38
Okazaki fragments
short segments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during replication
39
origins of replication:
specific DNA sequences where replication begins
40
primase:
synthesizes RNA primers needed to initiate DNA replication
41
proofreading:
checking newly made DNA for errors involving bases
42
replication fork:
a Y shaped structure that forms when DNA unwinds
43
RNA primer:
a short RNA sequence the acts as a starting point for DNA replication
44
Telomerase:
an enzyme that adds repetitive DNA sequences to the ends to chromosomes (telomeres)
45
describe the categories of Eukaryotic DNA
Coding Non-coding: do not code but play roles in gene regulation and chromosome structure
46
silent mutation:
mutation does not alter amino acid
47
missense mutation:
mutation results in different amino acid
48
frameshift mutation:
addition or deletion shifts the reading frame
49
nonsense mutation:
premature stop codon
50
what are the three mRNA processing steps in eukaryotes?
5' capping: addition of Guanine cap splicing: removal of introns 3' Polyadenylation: addition of poly-A tail
51
functions of RNA polymerase I, II, and III are
I: synthesizes rRNA II: synthesizes mRNA III: synthesizes tRNA
52
function of reverse transcriptase is
synthesize DNA from RNA
53
function of DNA polymerase is
creates new DNA by adding nucleotides. also proofreads
54
define transcription factors and their role in initiating eukaryotic transcription
proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate gene expression
55
what are the features of the genetic code
Universal Redundant: multiple for the same amino acid Non-overlapping: each nucleotide is part of only one codon Unambiguous: each codon specifies only one amino acid
56
describe the role of G1,
growth phase, checkpoint for S phase
57
role of G2
growth phase, corrects errors and makes sure DNA replication is complete
58
role of spindle assembly
organizing the microtubules that separate chromosomes during cell division
59
role of M checkpoints
control points in mitosis that verify chromosomes are attached to the spindle apparatus
60
Sigma factors can regulate the ____ transcription
bacterial
61
A transcriptional regulator that decreases transcription of a gene from a vast distance is known as
silencer
62
enhancer
increases transcription of a gene, often from a distance
63
regulator
general term for proteins or sequences that modulate gene expression
64
upstream control element
DNA sequence near the promoter that can increase transcription
65
silencer
reduces transcription by binding repressors and blocking transcription factors
66
describe the steps in protein synthesis
transcription Translation Post- translational modification
67
True or False: DNA replicates from 5' to 3'
true

BSC 322 (4 decks)

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