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Animal Behavior > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Voluntary intrinsically motivated activities associated with recreational pleasure and enjoyment.

A

Play

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2
Q

Play which establishes connection? EX: mother and offspring.

A

Attunement Play.

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3
Q

Play in which an animal explores how its body works and interacts with the world.
EX: Dog chasing its tail.

A

Body Play.

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4
Q

Play which involves handling objects in ways which use the animals curiosity.
EX: Horse playing with yoga ball.

A

Object Play.

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5
Q

Play which involves playing with others in activities.
EX: Wrestling, or racing.

A

Social Play.

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6
Q

What are the three benefits of play?

A

Cognitive: Skill/ Perception Learning.
Physical: Strength/ coordination/ reaction time.
Social: Sexual behaviors/ grooming/ food acquisition/ communication/ social bonds.

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7
Q

Extended period of time during development when an animal is more receptive to environmental stimuli/ usually in sync with nervous system development sensitivity?
O.G. Name?

A

Sensitive period
originally known as critical period by Konrad Lorenz.
(lil diff: Brief, well defined & behavior transformation.)

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8
Q

What are the four basic concepts of the sensitive period?

A
  • Fairly Extended.
  • Gradual onset and termination.
  • Differ in duration among species/ individuals/ functional systems.
  • Depends on the nature and intensity of stimuli.
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9
Q

What is a major difference between critical period and sensitive period in regards to learning new behavior?

A

Critical period behaviors are only learned during that time, afterwards the brain is rewired.
In sensitive periods the behavior is learned at an accelerated pace, Vs after- still possible but slower. Think language learning as toddler Vs adult.
Sensitive period behaviors can also be modified after learning them unlike critical period. These sensitive behaviors are more resilient when decreased.

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10
Q

What are two factors regarding when a sensitive period will be induced?

A

When the internal and external factors align. EX: Olfactory neuron set-up (internal) and (external) scent in the environment- that scent will likely be remembered and set a behavior. Salmon will imprint the scent of their natal stream to return to for mating.

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11
Q

What are two ways of determining the end of a sensitive period?

A
  • The learned behavior changes neuro and is self-terminating.
  • Maturation leads to the body being less receptive to what triggered the sensitive period.
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12
Q

In animals with more complex behaviors with multiple steps how is this learned?

A

This is learned by way of multiple sensitive periods for each step.

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13
Q

What are the three type of sensitive periods we learned?

A
  • Imprinting
  • Brood Care
  • Maternal Attachment.
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14
Q

What are the two types of imprinting?

A

Filial: acquires behavior from parent.
Sexual: Learns characteristics of good mate from conspecific surroundings.

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15
Q

What is a conspecific?

A

Member of the same species.

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16
Q

What are the two parts of maternal attachment?

A

Maternal responsiveness: Display of maternal behavior in presence of young. (Narrow sensitive window.)
Maternal selectivity: Directing maternal behavior towards only its offspring.
(Narrow Sensitive window and requires external factor used to identify its offspring such as scent/ or auditory etc.)

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17
Q

What animals are not applicable to brood care?

A

Mammals and aves. This is because they do not have large numbers of offspring ie. Broods like fish might.

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18
Q

What are the four categories of brood care?

A

Substrate/ open brooders: Eggs laid on substrate, watchful territory, water fanning, imprint- visual cue of egg hatching, extra territoriality where if offspring go too far they are no longer recognized and are rejected.
Secretive Cave: ^ this but in cave not open substrate.
Ovophile Mouth Brooders: Egg mouth.
Larvophile Mouth brooders: Larva mouth.

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19
Q

characteristic of all eukaryotic organisms that allows the organism to “keep time” and synchronize itself to cyclical environmental variable.

A

Biological Clock.

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20
Q

Biological clocks should be endogenous, what does this mean?

A

This refers to biological components taking place regardless of environmental stimuli, even though this may be severely altered by lack of environmental stimuli.

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21
Q

Duration of biological clock in absence of environmental factors is said to be….?

A

Free Running. Biological clocks are still considered endogenous.

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22
Q

What occurs when rhythmic/ physiological/ behavior events match their phases to an oscillating environmental factor?

A

Entrainment. This helps avoid the effects of “free running” biological clocks.

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23
Q

Factor which is from an external stimulus Vs internal Stimulus?

A

External: Exogenic.
Internal: Endogenic.

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24
Q

How does entrainment of a biological clock become beneficial?

A

This is beneficial because when the exogenic factors of entrainment change the endogenic ones adapt to it. EX: During the winter the days are shorter, are bodies adjust to feel tired at a different time as we conduct activities at different times.

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25
Measure of biological clock compensation for temperature?
Q10 Temperature coefficient.
26
What does Q10 Temperature coefficient =1 mean?
As temperature increases the rhythm is considered temperature compensated.
27
What is the most important biological cycle for most animals?
Circadian rhythm.
28
What specific rhythm shows all three criteria of biological clocks?
Circadian Rhythm.
29
What are the three types of circadian rhythm?
Diurnal: Light Wakeness Nocturnal: Dark Wakeness Crepuscular: Dawn and dusk Wakeness.
30
What are two other factors besides wakeness a circadian rhythm affects?
- Gene Expression. - Body temp regulation.
31
Rhythms shorter than 24 hours?
Ultradian Rhythms. EX: Eye blinking, heart rate, respiration rate. Endogenous and entrainable.
32
Rhythm longer than 24 hours?
Infradian Rhythm. Endogenous and entrainable. EX: Menses, breeding seasons, shedding etc.)
33
Type of infradian rhythm dependent on the lunar cycle?
Circalunal Rhythm. EX: Fire worms breed just before 4th quarter of moon phase.
34
Type of infradian Rhythm dependent on the tide?
Circatidal Rhythm. Ex: Affects nearly all Littoral (Shore) animals. Infradian because the tides are affected by the moon even though they are on a 12.5 hour rhythm.
35
Type of infradian Rhythm dependent on the time of year/ seasonal?
Circannual Rhythms. EX: Shedding season, antlers, gonad size, molting, breeding etc.
36
Honey bees feed at a variety of flowers, some have very particular blooming times, yet the bees are seen adapting and changing to be active at this time, what is this an example of happening?
Biological clock becoming advantageous for the bees to feed.
37
Birds migrate yearly frequently for food more abundant in other places. They bird arguably don't know the time of year or the "why" they do this. Why does this occur?
This occurs due to an infradian circannual biological clock that has evolved due to the advantage of flying south for the winter ensure a better chance of survival Vs. staying.
38
What region of the brain is the "Master-Clock" in rats?
Hypothalamus.
39
What cell bodies are within the hypothalamus?
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei. When grown in a petridish these cells exhibited their own rhythmic electrical activity even without any exogenic stimuli. These cells can exhibit control over other body clocks through the release of hormones such as cortisol. (Assumed to be true of all mammals/ amniotes. Worth noting head does not play this role in drosophila clocks.)
40
What hormone is believed to play a role in entrainment of biological clocks?
Cortisol.
41
Exogenic stimuli affects entrainment, what is this pathway for something such as light dark cycle in vertebrates?
In Vertebrates our retinas contain specialized photoreceptors within the related ganglion that send a direct signal to the suprachiasmatic neurons in the hypothalamus and lead to a change in the production of the hormone melatonin- this is the process of entrainment. The more light exposure, the more melatonin produced.
42
Ability to same way using landmarks
Piloting
43
Ability to same way without using landmarks.
Compass orientation.
44
Type of compass orientation which includes the animal understanding how long to go in which direction.
Vector navigation
45
Process of the animal integrating the information of the direction and duration of travel outward to find its way home inward?
Path integration.
46
Animal which can navigate to its destination regardless of "road blocks" and where it currently located.
True navigation/ Homing.
47
Use of various landmarks and celestial input?
Visual Cues.
48
Easily recognizable cue which can be stored quickly in an animals memory guide for later navigation use.
Landmark.
49
Navigation using the sun?
Sun Compass.
50
Process of honest bees using their wings and polarized light to communicate where they find food?
Waggle Dance.
51
Navigation using night sky celestial to travel?
Star compass.
52
Orientation being affected by magnetic field?
Magnetic Cue
53
Aligning orientation based of north and south magnetoception?
Polarity compass.
54
The magnetic field of earth is different towards the pole and at the equator, some animals orient based own this incline. What is this called?
Inclination compass.
55
Magneto receptor in birds?
Magnetite.
56
a Map learned or inherited that is based on the magnetic field patterns to follow directions?
Magnetic Map.
57
Magnetic landmark?
Magnetic signpost.
58
What kind of magnetoception used cryptochrome?
Light dependent magnetoception, this may also interact with the retinas allowing the animal to "see" the magnetic field, not just feel it.
59
how do sharks and rays use the ampullae of lorenzini?
This allows them to sense electric potential at different points in the magnetic field, so they can sense nearby prey and predators.
60
What are the two models of olfactory cues?
- Papi's: Mosaic model: Distribution map of local odors- only makes sense for limited areas. - Walraff's: Gradient model: Long range and stable "atmospheric" odors - overcomes long range navigation explanation.
61
Animals who orient based on electric current, think using a volt like an echolocator.
Electrical cues/ Electrolocation.
62
Using sound waves to direct orientation?
Echolocation.
63
when offspring remain in their birth area throughout their lives?
Natal Philopatry.
64
What are the three costs of natal philopatry?
- Increased competition - Inbreeding - Mating suppression (usually done by adult breeders.)
65
Two benefits of natal philopatry?
Staying "at home" means you are likely already in an environment you are adapted for. Familiarity in finding resources and avoiding predators.
66
When offspring leave their birth area to live elsewhere.
Natal Dispersal. Costs: Must be capable of making the journey. Unfamiliar territory Benefits: Avoids inbreeding New resources and usually less competition
67
What gender typically disperses in aves?
The females. This is because males in birds are usually defending resources and their offspring survival heavily relies on monogamy usually.
68
What are the four factors affecting sex bias dispersal?
- Inbreeding Avoidance - Local Resource competition - Local Mate competition - Kin cooperation.
69
Explain why male lions are territorial, yet disperse?
They do not have great kin cooperation. The male lion which holds the natal territory will keep that the territory, but the other male lions have a better chance at reproductive success by leaving, as female do not go around looking for territory. Male are competing directly for females in lions, not admirable territory. Females also do most of the work in lions, so offspring has better chance of survival if females do not disperse.
70
What gender typically disperses in mammals?
Males- this is due to different reproductive strategies and possibly poor kin cooperation. If the father is known to stay present at the home however, this may not be true to avoid inbreeding.
71
What are three phases of finding anew habitat post dispersal?
- Search. - Settlement. - Residency.
72
Information regarding a possible habitat about the local conspecifics, best places for a mate, best food resources etc.
Public information.
73
What are the two tactics of looking for a new habitat?
The comparison tactic: Visiting multiple areas and picking a fave. The sequential search tactic: Coming to an area, yay or nay- if nay they do not return if the next option is worse, they will keep moving till they find a yay.
74
The influence that the natal habitat has on finding a new habitat?
Natal Habitat preference induction. Usually advantageous as the natal habitat worked well for the parents it will probably suit the offspring.
75
What are the requirements of a "migration"
Movement of animals should be annual/ seasonal or a major part of the animals life cycle (think salmon.)
76
Migration that involves leaving an area and then returning to it?
Two way migration. Think arctic tern (bird) happens seasonally.
77
Migration where members can choose not to migrate.
Facultative migration (think salmon- only sexually mature migrate.)
78
Migration where the animal must migrate?
Obligate Migration "hardwired" (think Wildebeest's.)
79
Migration where all members migrate?
Complete migration
80
Migration where not all members migrate Subset where this is differentiated by sex or age?
Partial migration Differential migration.
81
Migration which takes more than one generation to complete?
Multigenerational migration. Common in short lived species such as monarch butterflies.
82
Migration which occurs within 24 hours?
Daily migration. Think phytoplankton, Vertical from top and bottom daily.
83
When a migration is not due to intrinsic events.
Interruption.
84
Removal of susperned food particles as a way of eating?
Suspension feeding. Think flamingoes, baleen whales, bivalves.
85
What do granivores feed on?
Seeds.
86
What do graminivores feed on?
Grass
87
What do palynivores feed on?
pollen
88
What do mucivores feed on?
Plant sap
89
What do xylophages feed on?
Wood.
90
Ecology based idea where an animal will forage in such a way to maximize their energy intake (E) per unit of time handing (H)
Optimal Foraging Theory.
91
Model which analyzes the behavior of an animal which must choose between various prey items to attack.
Optimal Diet Model/ prey model/ attack model.
92
Model which describes the behavior of a predator that has patches of prey available to it and how much time it will spend in each Patch before moving on.
Patch selection model.
93
Version of the patch model which describes the specific behavior of returning to a patch for forage/ hoard food/ share food with young or mate.
Central place foraging theory.
94
Animal consuming a new food or foraging in a new way?
Foraging innovation.
95
When an animals finds/ captures and eats it's prey on it's own.
Solitary foraging. Can decrease intraspecifc competition interaction. Solitary foragers are less noticeable to predators, more inconspicuous.
96
When the success of foraging depends on both the individual and group skills as well.
Group foraging.
97
when group foraging is beneficial and brings greater rewards?
Aggregation economy.
98
Group foraging which may not be beneficial to the individual?
Dispersion economy.
99
Four benefits of group foraging?
- Larger prey possibilities. - Less danger of predation. - Group work to create aggregations of prey. - Being able to capture prey the could be dangerous/ difficult.
100
What is one cost group foraging?
Two types of competition between group members. Scramble competition: Shared resource competition. Thinks sharks which herded a school of fish. Interference competition: Presence of competitors prevents forager access to resources- Think dolphins stealing from stingray.
101
Blending in with background camouflage?
Crypsis.
102
Looking like something else camouflage?
Masquerade.
103
Why is there polymorphism in cryptic species?
Cryptic species across a changing terrain may adapt and evolve new traits which help them blend in better depending on their environment.
104
Behavior describing animals which use outside resources to camouflage themselves?
Decoration behavior
105
Use of gradients to shade to camouflage themselves? usually darker on top and light on bottom.
countershading. Think shark/ orca/ Peregrine falcons.
106
What specific cells are causing color changes within animals such as chameleons or even an snowshoe hare as the season changes?
Chromatophores.
107
Active form of camouflage where the animal will illuminate itself to match a lighter background?
counter illumination. Think bioluminescent squid being seen from below against the lighter surface of the ocean.
108
Type of camouflage with movement not used to hide from predators?
Motion camouflage. Think dragonfly approaching its prey at a certain angle which makes it appear to not be moving so it is not perceived as a threat.
109
Coloration of animal which breaks up its body line using bright colors/ shapes and harder to detect.
Disruptive Coloration. Think jaguars/ tigers. They don't exactly blend in, but their coloration/ pattern makes them harder to spot.
110
Type of pattern which usually when quick movement is involved makes it harder for the predator to get its prey. or confuses its perception of the prey.
Dazzle pattern/ motion dazzle. Think zebras.
111
Warning coloration of a prey the predators would be best avoiding?
Aposematism.
112
How do predators know of aposematic warnings?
Learning or innate knowledge. -Learning may result in death if really bad.
113
Mimicry where both species are deleterious to the predator. The species are in the same environment and share the same predators usually for this to occur.
Mullerian Mimicry.
114
Mimicry where only one of the species is harmful and this mostly benefits the non-harmful species.
Batesian Mimicry. Non-harmful is the mimic deleterious is the model.
115
Act where an animal loses a part of its self to cause distraction?
Autotomy.
116
Strategy of making a non-vulnerably part of the body look like a vulnerable one to avoid being attack vulnerably.
"False-Head" Think butterfly species where its butt looks more like it's head. if a predator attack there the butterfly can likely survive and escape.
117
How does having a large spot on the end of a cichlid's tail assist it? What is this an example of?
This is an example of "false-head" This is defensive. Other fish like to nip at the cichlid's tail and by thinking it's tail is the head they will avoid it and go towards the face where the cichlid can defend itself.
118
five Anti predatory tactics?
Camouflage Warning coloration Diversion Aggression Group defense
119
Thing some animals do to show a predator they are capable, they see them and this will not be a profitable chase?
Stotting.
120
When a colony makes a group effort to attack a predator?
Mobbing
121
Effect that describes the drop in likelihood of being eaten by a predator when the individual is in a larger group Vs. a smaller group.
Dilution Effect.
122
Effect in large concentrated groups where you basically just have not be the weakest, there so much prey the predator will be full and stop hunting.
Predator satiation.
123
When prey in a herd are always trying to be in "center herd"
Selfish herd. This is because prey on the outer limit are more likely to be targeted.
124
When a group of prey mediate a technique to work against and confuse a predator from singling out any one prey.
Confusion effect (GROUP)
125

Animal Behavior (3 decks)

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