Exam 2

Question 1

Innate Immunity

Answer 1

A non specific immune system that causes an immediate and maximal response this process does not involve any immunological memory

Question 2

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 2

Pathogen and antigen specific reaction with a lag time that leads to immunological memory (this is a specific immunity to jawed vertebrates)

Question 3

B-Cells

Answer 3

Produce antibodies (these cells are apart of the adaptive immune system)

Question 4

Helper T-Cells

Answer 4

Send out an alarm if something is wrong within the cells

Question 5

Killer T-Cells

Answer 5

“Swat” who is sent to destroy a cell that isn’t doing what it is supposed to

Question 6

Innate Cells

Answer 6

Natural Killer
Neutrophil
Basophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Granulocytes

Question 7

Herd Immunity

Answer 7

When enough people in a population have been exposed or vaccinated against a pathogen causing the population to become immune and less easy for the pathogen to spread through the given population

Question 8

1918 Pandemic

Answer 8

Caused by influenza

Question 9

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

Answer 9

Proteins responsible for virus attachment

Question 10

Inflammation

Answer 10

The innate systems response which adds heat to kill a pathogen

Question 11

Surface Barrier

Answer 11

ex:skin prevents pathogens from entering the body

Question 12

Natural Killer Cells

Answer 12

Checks all cells to ensure they are all in the right condition

Question 13

Granulocytes

Answer 13

The white blood cell that helps the body fight bacterial infection

Question 14

Lymphocytes

Answer 14

A type of white blood cell main types are B and T cells

Question 15

R0

Answer 15

The basic reproductive rate of a pathogen

Question 16

5 Part Differential

Answer 16

Neutrophils,Eosinophils,Basophils,Lymphocytes and Monocytes

Question 17

Cholera

Answer 17

Pathogen that broke out in London cause was identified by John Snow which was a pump that was spreading the pathogen through the water

Question 18

Th1 Immunity

Answer 18

Bacterial and Viral response

Question 19

Th2 Immunity

Answer 19

T-Helper cell that responds to parasites

Question 20

Hygiene Hypothesis

Answer 20

Humans developed in filthy environments with more parasites now with habits of cleaning and disease ring humans became more sensitive to parasites causing our Th2 responses to overreact

Question 21

Allergy

Answer 21

Less exposure to bacteria’s and viruses at a young age leads to sensitivity

Question 22

Pacifier Study

Answer 22

Parents who strictly sanitized their child’s pacifier in comparison to parents to who cleaned the child’s pacifier by wiping it quickly or cleaning it with their mouths were exposing their children to microbes from a young age which gave them a stronger immune system less susceptible to allergies

Question 23

Co-Evolution / Arms Races

Answer 23

Co evolution is the general process of species evolution in response to one another but arms races is a type of co evolution that causes competition between species

Question 24

Two Fold Costs of Sex

Answer 24

Asexual females reproduce faster only females can produce which is a dead end for males in sexual reproduction males reproduce slowly and only half of the genes are passed down

Question 25

In which populations is there more asexual reproduction?

Answer 25

Populations with low amounts of parasites

Question 26

What is Virulence

Answer 26

The amount of damage a disease or virus does to a host

Question 27

Horizontal vs Vertical Transmission

Answer 27

Horizontal is one person to the next (higher virulence) Vertical is only passed to offspring and takes longer to progress ex:HIV

Question 28

What does multiple strains of a pathogen in the body cause?

Answer 28

More strains of a pathogen increase the virulence of the pathogen in comparison to just one pathogen present in the body

Question 29

How does the ability to infect one host vs many hosts affect virulence?

Answer 29

If a pathogen can affect more than one host it has a higher virulence because it can spread that much easier between organisms

Question 30

Novel Host

Answer 30

Novel host is a pathogen that jumps between species ex:bad to human

Question 31

What does a long history of co-evolution mean?

Answer 31

The pathogen has low virulence

Question 32

Zoonosis

Answer 32

Pathogen jumped from an animal to humans EX: SARS,COVID,RABIES

Question 33

Spillover Virulence

Answer 33

When a pathogen spills from an animal population to a human population initially the mortality rate will be high only until the virulence lowers to continue infecting more people

Question 34

Autoimmune Disorder

Answer 34

The body’s immune system attacking itself

Question 35

Asthma

Answer 35

Affects the lungs

Question 36

Celiac Disease

Answer 36

Affects the small intestine

Question 37

T1DM

Answer 37

Type one diabetes affected the pancreas

Question 38

MS

Answer 38

Multiple sorosis affects the central nervous system

Question 39

Lupus

Answer 39

When a cell performs apoptosis or cell death a B-Cell uses the broken up DNA to grab the antibodies which end up attacking themselves

Question 40

Cancer

Answer 40

Is a random series of mutations in a cell which occurs multiple times rather than the cell dying eventually this becomes a cancer cell or tumor

Question 41

Tumor Heterogeneity

Answer 41

Different parts of one tumor will be different genetically

Question 42

Cancer and Reproductive Hormones

Answer 42

Men with high levels of testosterone can develop prostate cancer and women with high levels of estrogen can develop ovarian cancer

Question 43

Petos Paradox

Answer 43

The more cells you have and the longer you live the higher the probability of an organism getting cancer however this isn’t the case

Question 44

Elephants and Cancer

Answer 44

Elephants have 40 copies of the TP53 gene which is an anti-cancer gene that humans only have 2 of this can be said about any species larger than a horse

Question 45

Hashimoto Thyroid Disease

Answer 45

The immune system attacks the TSH receptor leading to a lack of the thyroid hormone (Hypothyroidism)

Question 46

Graves Thyroid Disease

Answer 46

The immune system produces antibodies that bind to the TSH receptor leading to over production (Hyperthyroidism)