exam 2

Question 1

Regency effect

Answer 1

short term memory is limited so when new words are added old words are kicked out to make space

Question 2

Primacy effect

Answer 2

words receiving more undivided attentions and rehearsal are more likely to enter long term memory

Question 3

Memory

Answer 3

acquisition, storage, and retrieval

Question 4

working memory

Answer 4

the manipulation of memory and short term memory is a storage box,

Question 5

static element

Answer 5

numbers and letters are not predictive of cognitive achievements

Question 6

Dynamic measures

Answer 6

like equations and sentences (reading and operation span) ARE
predictive of cognitive achievement

Question 7

The visuospatial buffer/sketchpad

Answer 7

stores mental images and details relevant to space around you (keeps you from bumping into stuff)

Question 8

intentional learning

Answer 8

deliberate effort to remember something through repetition

Question 9

Incidental learning

Answer 9

occurs when someone learns something without intending such as through imitation, exposure, social interaction

Question 10

The illusion of truth

Answer 10

refers to a psychological phenomenon where people tend to believe

Question 11

Non-declarative Learning implicit

Answer 11

memory about the below
perceptual, motor, associative

Question 12

Decelerative Learning Explicit

Answer 12

memory about the below
semantic, episodic, classical conditioning

Question 13

primary reinforcer

Answer 13

important stimulus like food , sex etc

Question 14

secondary reinforcer

Answer 14

does not ensure you will get the desired response

Question 15

Associative theories of long term memory

Answer 15

better retrieval of memories = better connections

Question 16

Semantic network

Answer 16

a connection of thoughts that align with each other like dog, bark,
bone, tail

Question 17

Principles of Ideal Learning

Answer 17

we remember best what we understand the best

Question 18

Consolidation

Answer 18

Where the human memory is weak

Question 19

Dual process theories

Answer 19

provide explanation for how a phenomenon can occur in different ways, different ways of processing information

Question 20

system 1

Answer 20

automatic and fast requires little or no effort and involuntary

Question 21

system 2

Answer 21

slower, effortful and involves complex thinking

Question 22

Cognitive ease

Answer 22

the ease of which we can perform a task

Question 23

concurrent reinforcement can undermine punishment

Answer 23

With a specific response, if given both a punishment and a reward, the undesired
response may still be more likely to occur in the future
* Example 1: A child acting out in class may get punished by the teacher, but if
their friends demonstrate approval (laughing, etc.) then the undesired
behavior will likely persist

Question 24

The discriminative stimuli for punishment can encourage cheating

Answer 24

Discriminative stimuli indicate whether a response will be reinforced or punished
* Thus, you may see desired responses in the presence of the discriminative
stimulus, but the organism is likely to resort to undesired responses in the
absence of the discriminative stimulus
* Examples: You don’t speed in the presence of the police, but you’re fine
speeding when the police aren’t visible;

Question 25

Punishment leads to more variable behavior

Answer 25

Punishment of a specific response leads to it being less likely to occur in the future, but it does not predict what will occur instead of the undesired response —it could be any number of responses, desirable or undesirable * So punishment is a good way to deter existing specific responses but a poor way to create new specific responses * Thus, the fastest way to generate specific responses is to reinforce what you want, rather than punishing alternate, undesired responses When training a dog not to jump on guests, punishing it for jumping might stop the behavior, but it doesn’t teach what to do instead. By rewarding the dog for sitting calmly, you reinforce the specific behavior you want, making it more effective.

Question 26

Initial intensity matters

Answer 26

Punishment is most effective if a strong punisher is used at the outset * Example: Rats in a maze received a low intensity shock (1-2 volts), with little effect; then across several days the intensity was gradually increased to 40 volts, with no behavioral effect—even though naive* rats given 40 volts would stop moving immediately

Question 27

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 27

Loss of memories formed prior to an event

Question 28

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 28

Inability to form new memories after an event

Question 29

Restaurant

Answer 29

SCHEMA