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Plant Science > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(127 cards)

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1
Q

What are some plant uses for water?

A
  • Seed Germination
  • Transplant Establishment
  • Turgor Pressure in Cells
  • Transportation
  • Movement of Dissolved minerals and carbohydrates
  • Photosynthesis

Acronym: STTTMP

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2
Q

How do plants conduct water?

A

Acropetal up through xylem, basipetal down through phloem

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3
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The movement of water through plants

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4
Q

What are two theories of water movement?

A
  • Cohesion Tension
  • Pressure Flow
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5
Q

What are important facts about stomates?

A
  • 1% of leaf area
  • Tiny
  • Underside of the leaf
  • Thickened cell walls on one side
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6
Q

What percentage of a plant is water?

A

95%

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7
Q

What factors affect transpiration?

A
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Wind
  • Light Intensity
  • Leaf area
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8
Q

What are some plants’ responses to loss of water?

A
  • Wilting
  • Loss of turgor pressure
  • Roll/Curling up
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9
Q

How do plants avoid drought?

A
  • Dormancy
  • Modified roots
  • Xeromorphic features
  • Escape through annual leaves
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10
Q

What does ET mean?

A

Evapotranspiration

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11
Q

How can water loss be managed?

A
  • Plant selection
  • Shading
  • Anti-transpiration
  • Irrigation
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12
Q

Why are healthy roots essential?

A
  • Aerification
  • Increase O2
  • Relieved compaction
  • Drainage
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13
Q

What are the effects of over or under watering?

A

Under watering = wilting and loss of turgor pressure
Overwatering = root rot

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14
Q

What is hydroponics?

A

Urban farming method allowing growth in local areas

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15
Q

What are the advantages of hydroponics?

A
  • No soil
  • Larger plants
  • More productivity
  • Easier harvest
  • Fewer pests
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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydroponics?

A
  • Cost
  • No soil buffer
  • Labor
  • Knowledge
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17
Q

What are the different types of hydroponics systems?

A
  • Reservoir Systems
  • Nutrient Film Technique
  • Aeroponics
  • Ebb and Flow
  • Drip Systems
  • Wicking
  • Aquaponics
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18
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + O2

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19
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Study of carbon and its bonds

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20
Q

What are the two reactions in photosynthesis?

A
  • Light Reaction
  • Dark Reaction
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21
Q

What are some ingredients for photosynthesis?

A
  • Light
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon
  • Water
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22
Q

What are the resulting effects of light absorption?

A
  • Orientation of leaves
  • Shading
  • Size of leaves
  • Leaf area
  • Nature of surface
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23
Q

When is CO2 the highest?

A

In the winter at night time

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24
Q

What is the light reaction?

A

Involves three phases: Photosystem II, Redox Chain, Photosystem I

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25
What is the Dark Reaction?
Occurs during the day and results in carbohydrates and sugars
26
What happens when CO2 runs out?
Photosynthesis becomes harder to start
27
What is the difference between C3 and C4 plants?
* C3: Common plants, best in cool, wet, shady conditions * C4: Mostly tropical plants, can survive high temps
28
What is the importance of bundle sheath?
Keeps ribisco in place
29
Are carbohydrates only structural?
No, carbohydrates can be structural and unstructured
30
When are carbohydrate reserves highest?
When conditions are unsuitable for vegetative growth
31
When is it important to fertilize?
Best to fertilize when growth is slow, like in the fall
32
What different environmental factors affect photosynthesis?
* Light quality and quantity * CO2 availability * H2O * Temperature * Pest problems
33
What are some factors we can control in photosynthesis?
* Plant selection * CO2 pollution * H2O * Fertility * Cultivation
34
What makes C4 plants special?
They don't do well in the shade
35
What is respiration vs. photosynthesis?
* Respiration: Releases energy * Photosynthesis: Stores energy
36
What are secondary compounds?
Substances that plants provide like smell, taste, poison, and medical use
37
How is anaerobic respiration helpful?
Can benefit the plant by providing energy and is responsible for fermentation
38
What factors affect respiration?
* Temperature * O2 * CO2 * H2O * Age
39
What are some ideal conditions for respiration?
* Cold temperature * Increased CO2 * Decreased oxygen
40
What are carbohydrate reserves used for and when are they important?
Used for rapid growth and important for growth recovery
41
What are some fall advantages?
* Lower transpiration rates * Fewer pests * Good time to see fall colors or flowers
42
What is floriculture?
The study of floral production and the science of how to grow and use these plants
43
What are two things floral production is driven by?
* Degree of isolation * Financial resources
44
What are flowers?
An organ of sexual reproduction in higher plants
45
What is the difference between angiosperm and gymnosperm?
* Angiosperm: Flower * Gymnosperm: No flowers
46
Why are petals important?
Protect the insides of the plants and are usually bright and showy
47
What are sepals?
Leaves looking things under the flower
48
What are bracts and how are they different from petals?
Bracts are specialized leaves that can be colored
49
What is the difference between complete, incomplete, and perfect flowers?
* Complete: Contains petals, sepals, stamen, and pistil * Incomplete: Missing one of the four * Perfect: Contains both male and female parts
50
What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious flowers?
* Monoecious: Unisex, complete flowers * Dioecious: One sex, reliant on each other
51
How do sterile flowers come to be?
They are larger and show plants with no sexual parts
52
What is a stamen?
Aids in getting pollen
53
What are the types of flowers?
* Compound * Simple
54
What are awns?
The hair-looking things on grass
55
What are glumes?
The parts that hold seeds on grass
56
What are the parts of a legume's flowers?
* Wing * Keel * Banner
57
What is meiosis?
Cell division similar to mitosis
58
What is pollination?
The process where pollen gets into the plant, aiding in growth and potential fertilization
59
What are the important parts of pollination?
* Self pollination * Cross pollination
60
What are some things that help with pollination?
* Wind * Insects * Birds * Bats
61
How can flowers attract pollinators?
* Size * Shape * Color * Smell
62
What are stamens and pistils?
* Stamens: Male parts of the flower * Pistils: Female parts of the flower
63
What are some problems with pollination?
* Weather * Habitat * Pesticides * Pests
64
What is thermoperiodism?
Most plants need a 10-degree change daily
65
What is photoperiod?
Refers to long day and short day plants
66
What is vernalization?
Some plants need a chilling period before planting
67
What happens to plants after fertilization?
* Ovules produce seeds * Zygote divides by mitosis * Antipodals and synergids disintegrate
68
Why might plants not flower?
* Thermoperiodism * Photoperiodism * Vernalization * Pollination * Frost
69
What is the difference between parthenocarpy and apomixis?
* Parthenocarpy: Fruit without fertilization * Apomixis: Seed without fertilization
70
What is the difference between aggregate and multiple fruits?
* Aggregate: Derived from a single flower with multiple pistils * Multiple: Derived from multiple flowers in a single inflorescence
71
What are some dry fruits?
* Grains * Achene * Nuts * Samaras * Legumes * Follicles * Capsules * Siliques * Silicles
72
What are fleshy fruits?
* Drupe * True Berries * Pepos * Hesperidia * Pomes
73
What is the difference between indehiscent and dehiscent fruits?
* Indehiscent: Do not split open * Dehiscent: Split open
74
What are the parts of a seed?
* Pericarp * Germ * Tip Cap * Endosperm * Embryo
75
What are some external seed parts?
* Seed Coats: Protection * Hilum: Point of attachment to ovary
76
What are the first distinguishable parts of a seedling?
* Coleoptile: Turns into leaves * Coleorhiza: Turns into roots
77
What are some ways seeds get dispersed?
* Water * Wind * Man * Animal * Ejection
78
What are invasive seeds like?
* Prolific * Rapid growth * Early maturity
79
How long can seeds last?
They can last for decades
80
What is the importance of crop rotation?
Can prevent weed growth
81
What is the seed production cycle?
* Wildlife seed collection * Field Establishment * Seed Production * Seed Cleaning/Testing * Seed Storage and Use * Repeat
82
What information is typically found on seed labels?
* Species/Variety * Weight * Test dates * Percentage of germination * Percentage of pure seed * Other crops and weeds * Inert matter * Noxious weed
83
What is the difference between seed mixtures and blends?
* Seed mixture: Combining different species * Seed blends: Combining cultivars within a species
84
What is the difference between dormancy, scarification, and quiescence?
* Dormancy: Growth will not resume even if conditions are met * Scarification: Seed coat scarification * Quiescence: Growth resumes when the right conditions present themselves
85
What is seeding?
New establishment on bare ground
86
What is overseeding?
Seeding into an existing turf
87
What is interseeding?
Seeding into an existing crop
88
What are some seed treatments?
* Mechanical enhancement * Treatments (fungicide or insecticide) * Inoculation (nitrogen-fixing bacteria) * Coating/Pelletizing * Priming (pre-germination)
89
What are some important things to remember when planting seeds?
* Timing * Seed depth (no deeper than 4 times the seed diameter) * Good seed/soil contact is essential
90
What are some factors that affect germination?
* Viable, quality seed * Water * Oxygen * Temperature * Light
91
What are some ways seeds start to emerge?
* Epipogenous: Above the ground * Hypogynous: below the ground
92
What is the difference between selection, domestication, cultigen, and landrace?
* Selection: Intentional collection of plants with desirable traits * Domestication: Process where selected plants become accustomed to human provision * Cultigen: Plants originally selected by humans * Landrace: Local varieties developed by natural processes
93
What are some ways to store seeds?
Store in a cool, dry place to protect from rodents
94
What is the genetic ratio?
Maternal vs. Paternal showing cross-pollination
95
What is genotype vs. phenotype?
* Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism * Phenotype: Physical characteristics of an organism
96
What is DNA?
Stacks of amino acids with codes
97
What is ploidy?
Number of chromosomes
98
What are alleles?
Pairs of genes
99
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
* Homozygous: Same * Heterozygous: Different
100
What are the two important parts of plant breeding?
* Sexual compatible germplasm * Sexual incompatible germplasm
101
What is hybrid vigor?
Mating of two distinctly homozygous individuals resulting in hybrid vigor
102
What are the pros of GMOs?
* Pest resistance * Superior plants
103
What are the cons of GMOs?
* Pollen transfer * Food allergies * Domination of markets by chemical companies
104
What are some advantages of seed propagation?
* Cheapest * Most affordable * New hybrids possible * Easy to store and ship * Less disease, especially viruses
105
What are some disadvantages of seed propagation?
* Variability * Long time to maturity * Some seeds need treatments * Favorable environment required
106
What are some asexual methods of propagation?
* Plantlet * Crown division * Cuttings * Grafting * Layering * Bulbs and stems * Micropropagation * Transplanting
107
What are some types of cuttings?
* Leaf * Stem * Softwood * Hardwood * Roots
108
What are some reasons for grafting?
* Uniformity * Production * Allows growers to switch to newer varieties * Allows selection of superior root systems * Grafted plants produce flowers and fruits earlier than seeded plants
109
What is budding?
A special form of grafting performed in late summer
110
What is guttation?
Water coming out of the nodes on the leaf margin, sometimes confused with morning dew
111
What are the parts of a legume flower?
* Wing * Banner * Keel
112
What are the types of inflorescence?
* Spike * Umbel * Head * Raceme * Panicle
113
What are the standard parts of a flower?
* Pistil * Stigma * Ovary * Receptacle * Peduncle * Ovule * Sepal * Petals * Stamen * Anther * Filament * Style
114
What is Kranz anatomy?
Anatomical feature of C4 plants involving specialized structures for photosynthesis
115
What are the components of chloroplast anatomy?
* Lamella * Lumen * Granum * Thylakoid * Stroma * Intermembrane space * Inner membrane * Outer membrane
116
What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
Pollination involves transferring pollen to the stigma, while fertilization involves pollen grains growing into a pollen tube that connects with sperm cells
117
Briefly describe the light reaction in photosynthesis.
Occurs in the grana, involves Photosystem II, Redox Chain, and Photosystem I, resulting in NADPH and ATP
118
Briefly describe the dark reaction in photosynthesis.
Occurs in the stroma, uses products from the light reaction, involves the Carbon Cycle, resulting in sugars and CO2
119
Why might plants not flower?
* Thermoperiodism * Photoperiodism * Vernation * Pollination * Frost
120
What are the important Physics of Water
- Osmoisis - Diffusion: Higher constriction the lower the air - Plasmolysis: water leaves the cell - Imbibition: absorption - Capillary Action: water sticks together to rise and fall - Active Transport: pumping water within the plant
121
Where does light reaction take place?
Chloroplast
122
What are products of light reaction?
NADPH and ATP
123
What are products of dark reaction?
sugar, carbohydrates, 6-carbon, CO2
124
Where does the dark reaction take place?
Stroma
125
What are the 3 functions of the Calvin Cycle?
1. Carbon Fix 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration of RUBP
126
T or F Dark reaction only happens during the night
FALSE - only happens during the day
127
Are Kranz anatomy plants used in C3 or C4 pants?
C4 plants

Plant Science (3 decks)

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