Exam 2

Question 1

Horizontal/lateral gene transfer is largely responsible for human genetic diversity.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Some bacteria owe their virulence to a viral prophage integration

Answer 2

True

Question 3

sRNAs, viroids, and CRISPR all work by a similar mechanism. They all rely on … to destroy or change a target sequence.

Answer 3

Base pairing

Question 4

The same total of an organism or cells protein content is termed its genome.
The sum total of information stored in a cell or organisms DNA is called its proteome.

Answer 4

False, false

Question 5

Colistin is a charged antibiotic molecule that can cause kidney damage. Som colistin resistance has been shown to?

Answer 5

Change the charge on the cell surface

Question 6

Some viral prophage are able to measure the number of host cells outside the individual cell they are in

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Which method of gene transfer has the potential to transfer more unique regions of the bacterial chromosome

Answer 7

Generalized transduction

Question 8

The transforming factor in Griffiths experiment was ultimately found to be a gene for?

Answer 8

A sugar coat

Question 9

In the experiment that established that DNA replication occurs semi conservatively, newly synthesized strands could be distinguished from parental strands by?

Answer 9

Density

Question 10

Some bacteriophage use a protein called Qtip to control entry into the lytic cycle. Qtip expression is regulated through a protein that is a …

Answer 10

Transcription factor and receptor

Question 11

Plasmids that govern their own transfer are known as …

Answer 11

Conjugative

Question 12

When testing antibiotic resistance using the paper disc test, you found the clearing around the disc is larger in the presence of EDTA. You conclude the bacteria is?

Answer 12

Using a metalloprotease to inactivate the antibiotic

Question 13

Some bacteria use pili to capture … from the environment. Expression of pili genes and membrane pore complex genes are linked to …

Answer 13

DNA, available food sources

Question 14

The penicillin family of antibiotics bind to the active site of …

Answer 14

Enzymes that form peptide cross links

Question 15

When … interacts with RNA polymerase, it increases the rate of transcription initiation of the lac Operon.

Answer 15

cAMP/cAMP response protein

Question 16

Cipro is a … antibiotic. This is because it …

Answer 16

Broad spectrum, prevents DNA unwinding

Question 17

Gene x makes a protein that binds DNA. A mutation of gene x causes an increase in the expression of gene y. What can you conclude?

Answer 17

Gene x is a negative regulator of gene y

Question 18

A b-Lactamase/penicillinase provides resistance to penicillin by …

Answer 18

Destroying the ring structure of penicillin

Question 19

The acronym ORF stands for?

Answer 19

Open reading frame

Question 20

To be activated a quorum-sensing gene system requires the accumulation of a secreted small molecule called …

Answer 20

Auto inducer

Question 21

A phage particle can be infectious even if all its DNA has been replaced by bacterial DNA.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Operons …

Answer 22

Allow coordinated expression of multiple genes

Question 23

Bacterial heat shock response requires expression of many proteins including … which prevents misfolding/denaturation. Coordination expression of these different genes is controlled by …

Answer 23

Chaperones, a unique sigma factor

Question 24

Competence refers to the ability of a bacterial population to …

Answer 24

Be transformed by foreign DNA

Question 25

In prokaryotes all RNA contains coded information for amino acid sequence.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

Insertion sequences are the simplest mobile genetic element. They code for a single protein. What does this protein do?

Answer 26

It can cut and reseal DNA strands

Question 27

What do exposure to CIPRO, covid 19 and lymes disease bacteria have in common?

Answer 27

All are associated with post treatment/disease symptoms

Question 28

The promoter site of an Operon is the site at which … initiates.

Answer 28

RNA polymerase

Question 29

In a gel shift assay, free DNA runs … than protein DNA complexes

Answer 29

Faster

Question 30

In the absence of lactose, the lac … will …

Answer 30

Operator, be bound by repressor

Question 31

Two populations of bacteria have recently acquired resistance to Mitchomycin. Population did so in 3 generations. Population 2 acquired this resistance over the course of several months. The most likely mechanism for resistance in population 1 is?

Answer 31

Horizontal gene transfer of a plasmid

Question 32

What would cause a stringent response in bacterial population?

Answer 32

Antibiotic treatment, rapid change in available nutrients, a rapid increase in temperature

Question 33

Heat maps are a way of representing changes in gene expression.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

The first enzyme in a metabolic pathway has a second binding pocket for a product many steps down the metabolic pathway. This is likely an example of ?

Answer 34

Allosteric regulation

Question 35

You have cloned the promoter form your favorite retinal gene upstream GFP and then made a transgenic fish. What would you expect to see when the fish grow up?

Answer 35

Only the eyes of the fish glow green

Question 36

Certain bacteria when under stress produce transducing particle like gene transfer agents. These particles contain … pieces of bacterial DNA and the portion of the population that produces GTAs is determined …

Answer 36

Random, stochastically

Question 37

Calico cats have three colors of fur. This is due to inactivation of … and ultimately is controlled by …

Answer 37

One X chromosome, a guide RNA

Question 38

CRISPR is?

Answer 38

A bacterial defense mechanism, used to edit many different genomes, a type of immunological memory

Question 39

Sigma factors are responsible for?

Answer 39

Binding of RNA polymerase to promoter sequences

Question 40

What are quorum sensing phenomena?

Answer 40

Squid light organ, gut enterotoxin release, competence/transform ability

Question 41

Adding the amino acid arginine to a bacterial culture …

Answer 41

Represses the synthesis of the enzymes required for the production of arginine

Question 42

What do texiobactin and vancomycin have in common?

Answer 42

Both inhibit the linking of cell wall to plasma membrane, both are relatively resistance proof

Question 43

RNA sequencing does not sequence RNA directly. RNA sequencing is a method for genomic analysis.

Answer 43

True, false

Question 44

Prokaryotic genes as a … are transcribed as …

Answer 44

Operon, polycistron

Question 45

Gene chips contain … for a large set of genes. … are fluorescently labeled and are hybridized to the chip to measure changes in …

Answer 45

Single stranded DNAs, mRNAs, gene expression

Question 46

A DNA/genomic mutation removes the RBS from the 5’ UTR of your favorite gene. This gene would be?

Answer 46

Transcribed

Question 47

HIV has an RNA genome and can persist in human cells as a lysogen. What is the first step in this process?

Answer 47

Converting RNA to DNA

Question 48

Purposely infecting bacteria with transposons is a type of …

Answer 48

Mutational screen

Question 49

What does not lead to more antibiotic resistance bacteria?

Answer 49

Taking the entire prescription

Question 50

DNA replication happens in a … manner, using information from the … strand as … to synthesize the new strand.

Answer 50

Semi conservative, parental, template