Exam 3

Question 1

PDL1 immune checkpoint inhibitor is a … based treatment which can … the number of t cells attacking a tumor.

Answer 1

Antibody, increase

Question 2

Opsonins?

Answer 2

Increase phagocytosis

Question 3

Irritable bowel syndrome is an overreaction of the immune system to …

Answer 3

Gut microbiota

Question 4

Activation of complement leads to what?

Answer 4

Increased inflammation, increased phagocytosis, holes in the bacterial membrane

Question 5

Natural killer cells …

Answer 5

Kill cells that lack MHC molecules

Question 6

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease is a genetic condition which …

Answer 6

Affects antibody production, affects T cell production

Question 7

Pathogens with heavily glycosylated outer membranes cannot activate complement

Answer 7

False

Question 8

The variable region of an antibody is … the constant region signals … by changing shape

Answer 8

A region for binding antigen, antigen is bound

Question 9

The control line in a rapid test tells you?

Answer 9

You have added enough sample

Question 10

Major histocompatibility complex proteins are typed in organ transplant cases. They are?

Answer 10

Markers of self, presenter molecules

Question 11

The older … portion of the human immune system includes receptors that detect double stranded RNA. The … makes specific tools to fight specific pathogens.

Answer 11

Innate, adaptive

Question 12

Wounds that release pus are a sign that the bacteria is able to kill white blood cells.
Swelling is caused by the release of solutes by the bacteria that increases osmotic pressure.

Answer 12

True, false

Question 13

Cytokine storms can be caused by certain bacterial infections and or cancer treatment.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Antibodies present in a newborn are considered?

Answer 14

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 15

Thymic education refers to the process by which … are selected for their ability to recognize … properly.

Answer 15

T cells, host/MHC/self antigen

Question 16

The inflammatory response includes spiking a fever. This is done by the release of a … which travels to the …

Answer 16

Cytokine, brain

Question 17

After activation B cell receptors become

Answer 17

Antibodies

Question 18

The limulus amebocyte Lysate assay can be used to detect … in intravenous solutions.

Answer 18

Endotoxin

Question 19

Bacteria that are phagocytized are destroyed in the … by a combination of enzymes and …

Answer 19

Lysosome, reactive oxygen species

Question 20

One type of interferon is expressed when … is detected in a cell. Interferon released into neighboring cells prepares them to …

Answer 20

Double stranded RNA, commit suicide

Question 21

In humans specific bacterial infections have been treated successfully with fecal transplants.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Ackermansia muciniphilia is a human gut bacteria that metabolizes …

Answer 22

Mucus

Question 23

Certain types of E. coli can cause bloody diarrhea. Which type of toxin do they use to accomplish this?

Answer 23

Cytotoxin

Question 24

Botulinum toxin is a … which prevents … at neuro muscular junctions

Answer 24

Neurotoxin, vesicle fusion

Question 25

GALT is part of the … which is responsible for defending against and … pathogens from outside the body.

Answer 25

Lymphatic system, sampling

Question 26

The following foreign antigens would be detected by the innate immune system except?

Answer 26

2025 influenza proteins

Question 27

Studies using a mouse model of autism have shown which of the following can lessen the autistic behavior.

Answer 27

A single species of bacteria in their water, a bacterial metabolite in their water

Question 28

Identity the component that is not part of innate immune defenses.

Answer 28

Cytotoxic t cells

Question 29

Cholera toxin causes diarrhea by … colonic endothelial cells

Answer 29

Increasing the flow of ions out of

Question 30

The human microbiome contains all?

Answer 30

Organisms present in and on the body

Question 31

Bacterial adhesions refer to a species specific interaction between the pathogens and molecules on the cell surface.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Fermented food and yoghurt are good sources of prebiotics?

Answer 32

False

Question 33

What can be used as a diagnostic test for a suspected infection?

Answer 33

Florescent antibody staining, agglutination, secretive culture media

Question 34

Why are western blots used to confirm rapid diagnostic tests?

Answer 34

They produce a more complex banding pattern

Question 35

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy does not always work. Antigen positive relapse means the cancer antigen has mutated.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

The complement system is considered part of the … immune system because it is activated by …

Answer 36

Innate, any bacteria

Question 37

Type O blood reacts with anti type B antibodies in serologic agglutination tests.

Answer 37

False

Question 38

What do BCG treatment, halo Nevi, and spontaneous remission have in common?

Answer 38

All suggest a role for the immune system in fighting cancer

Question 39

Colonic epithelial cells get most of the energy from the blood stream.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

Coagulase is a … protein used to …

Answer 40

Bacterial, escape immune detection

Question 41

Certain types of E. coli produce a chemical mutagen called Colibactin. Studies have shown that it causes mutations consistent with … in humans.

Answer 41

Colon cancer

Question 42

Neutrophil expressed traps are made of?

Answer 42

DNA

Question 43

Live virus can be used to vaccinate against influenza.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Cholera toxin is?

Answer 44

An enterotoxin

Question 45

Mast cells have receptors for an antibody variable region. There is an antibody for every allergen.

Answer 45

False, true

Question 46

HIV specifically attacks and kills helper T cells. This drastically weakens the immune system because helper T cells …

Answer 46

Stimulate antibody and cytotoxic T cell production

Question 47

Activation of a naive cytotoxic T cell requires engagement of the co receptor pair. Antigen presenting cells and cytotoxic T cells are originally brought together by?

Answer 47

MHC, TCR, and antigen

Question 48

There is a single antibody gene for every antigen your body will ever encounter.

Answer 48

False

Question 49

The tuberculosis skin test is type of immediate inflammatory response. A ring that causes a rash on your finger involved mast cell activation.

Answer 49

False, true

Question 50

The ability to make antibody quickly after a second exposure to antigen is ultimately due to …

Answer 50

Memory cells