Exam 2 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
ingroup
A
group people belong to and feel a sense of identity to
2
Q
outgroup
A
groups you do not belong and are outside of you and your identity
sometimes people feel competitiveness to an outgroup
3
Q
reference group
A
serve as a point of a reference for us to make evaluations and decisions
you don’t have to be a part of that group for it to be a reference group
4
Q
networks
A
a web of weak social ties
- ties may be weak but they can be a powerful resource
5
Q
small group
A
dyad- two members; intense relationships, more interaction between people, very unstable because if one person isn’t doing their part the group seizes to exist
triad- three members; power structures shift around, more stable as a group
group small enough for people to interact simultaneously
leadership in small groups rise up organically
6
Q
formal organizations
A
highly structured secondary groups formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals
types
- utilitarian
- normative
- coercive
7
Q
utilitarian organization
A
group you join in pursuit of material rewards; ex your job
8
Q
normative organization
A
voluntary association that people join because the goals are considered morally worthwhile; ex community service groups, political parties, religious organizations
9
Q
coercive organization
A
established via involuntary memberships; ex prison, certain psychiatric care
10
Q
origins of bureaucracy
A
efficiency of early organizations was limited
- lack of technology
- traditional character
Weber- rationalization of society laid the groundwork for bureaucracy
11
Q
bureaucracies
A
an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
12
Q
6 traits identified by weber that promote efficiency
A
- specialization
- hierarchy of offices
- rules and regulations
- technical competence
- impersonality; rules above personal feelings
- formal, written communication
13
Q
social stratification
A
the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources
14
Q
global stratification
A
refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis
15
Q
low income countries
A
largely agrarian with little industry
16
Q
middle income countries
A
some industrialization, but agriculture is still important
17
Q
high income countries
A
relatively rich, industrialized nations
- control the worlds financial markets
18
Q
global wealth and poverty
A
- poverty in poor countries is more severe than in rich countries
- economic productivity is lowest where population growth is highest
- poverty will always hit women and children the hardest
19
Q
relative poverty
A
defining people as poor by comparing their income relative to other people in society, rather than by whether resources are sufficient to obtain basic needs
20
Q
absolute poverty
A
measure of the minimum requirements needed to meet basic needs; ex- food, shelter, etc.
- in low income nations about 1/3 of the population lives in absolute poverty
- correlates with increased crime and conflict
21
Q
the gini coefficient
A
the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income in a country
- higher income nations have lower gini coefficients because they have the presence of the middle class
22
Q
things that correlate with global poverty
A
where poverty exists…
- technology is limited
- population growth is dramatic
- cultural patterns emphasize traditions
- social stratification is very pronounced
- gender inequalities are dramatic
- global power relationships - colonialism and neocolonialism- multinational corporations using resources of lower income nations but the benefit is going to higher income nations
23
Q
modernization theory
A
explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between societies
- as recently as several centuries ago, the entire world was poor
- because poverty was the norm, affluence is the key to understanding poverty
24
Q
rostow’s stages of modernization
A
- traditional stage
- take-off stage- people start using their talents and imagination for economic growth, economic markets start to emerge, greater individualism, growth for material goods
- drive to technological maturity- people are encouraged to pursue higher standards of living, absolute poverty is reduced, people start to move
- high mass consumption- mass production stimulates mass consumption
- model largely ignores global forces and who controls the global economy today
25
dependency theory
- more conflict perspective, power and control
- explains global inequality is terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich ones
- rich countries have impoverished low-income ones
- this destructive process extends back for centuries- historically colonialism, present day neocolonialism
26
wallerstein's world systems theory
- rich nations are the core of the world economy
- low-income nations are at the periphery of the world economy
- middle income nations are semiperiphery - dependent on higher income countries
- dependency results from- narrow/export oriented economies, lack of industrial capacity, foreign debt
- world economy is set up to benefit high income nations and keeping the dependency on wealthy countries
- weakness of theory is that it only accounts for world powers
27
social startification
- A trait of society
- Can persist over generations
- A cultural universal, but variable
- Involves not just inequality but beliefs
Major types
- Slavery; closed system
- Caste system
- A class system
28
class system
social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement
- Theoretically open system
- Meritocracy- based on personal merit- united states is a meritocracy but not a complete meritocracy since social structures play a large role in one's success
- Status consistency- lower
- Social mobility- higher
29
differences class makes
- health
- education
- family formation
- criminal justice
30
davis moore-thesis
stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society
- social ineqaulity plays a vital role in society
31
conflict perspective of social inequality
Karl Marx- class position and the extent of our income and wealth are determined by our work situation, or our relationship with the means of production
- capitalist- bourgeoisie
- working- proletariat
Capitalism makes class conflict inevitable
- in time, oppression and misery should drive the working majority to overthrow capitalism
32
max weber and social class
- agreed that stratification causes social conflict
- argued that involves three dimensions of inequality- wealth, prestige, and power
33
socioeconomic status
a composite ranking based on various dimensions of inequality
- income
- education
- occupation
34
income
wages or salary from work and earnings from investment
- US has more income inequality than most other industrial societies
35
wealth
the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts
- distributed less equally than income
36
inequality in the US impacts
- income
- wealth
- occupational prestige
- education
- ancestry, race, gender
- life chances
37
life chances
- weber
- extent of access to important resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care
38
social mobility
movement of individuals or groups from one level of a stratification system to another
- intergenerational
- intragenerational- social movement within an individuals life time
39
gender
refers to the cultural and social distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female
40
sex
refers to the biological and anatomical differences between males and females
41
biosocial approach to gender differences
gender identification and behavior are based in part on people's innate biological differences
42
socialization approach to gender differences
gender identification and behavior are based on children's learning that they will be rewarded for the set of behaviors considered appropriate to their sex but no appropriate to the other sex
43
margaret mead
apply concept of socialization. focus of research on gender and different cultures
- what is feminine and masculine vary because culture is the key to gender
44
george murdock
found that masculine and feminine tasks are largely the same across societies
45
partiarchy
a form of social organization where males dominate females
46
matriarchy
a form of social organization in which females dominate males
47
sexism
belief that one sex is innately superior to the other
- generally works within the overarching structure i.e. matriarchal or patriarchal structure
48
gender roles
attitudes and activities that society links to sex
- gender and the family
- gender and peer groups
- gender and schooling
- gender and mass media
49
gender stratification
the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women
50
gender pay gap
women earn 82 cents for every dollar a man earns
51
reasons why the gender pay gap exists
Women's choice of occupation
- historically, jobs typically women filled were not jobs typically wage jobs
- this is not a full occupation because even within the same occupation this gap still exists
- with increased education this gap increases
Women's caregiving responsibilities
- women are not given good maternity leave options, and men aren't given paternity leave options, so women often leave the workforce
- women who have children earn less for every child they have- motherhood penalty
- fatherhood bonus, happens at same time as motherhood penalty, men with children earn more than men without children
Socialization- gender differences
Biases/discrimination
52
asymmetry of gender
it is easier for women to move into male dominated fields, socially, than it is for men to move into female dominated fields
- education has done a good job opening up to women, and telling girls they can pursue any career paths, but we have not socialized little boys in the same way
- creating policies, like widespread paternity leave, would help mitigate some of the asymmetry of gender- most differences right now are around caregiving responsibilities
53
gender stratification in the home- housework
- with women's entry into the labor force, the amount of housework performed by women has declined
- women still do the majority of housework - called the 'second shift'
54
minority
any category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural difference, that a society sets apart or subordinates
- women are considered a minority in the United States because the US is a patriarchy
- minority status is NOT based on numbers, it is based on who holds the power
55
intersection theory
idea that individuals don't hold just one status, these statuses intersect together to make an individual experience
56
feminism
the advocacy of social equality for men and women, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism
- opposition to feminism is directed primarily at its radical forms
- at the start, feminism was significantly countercultural, but today it is widely accepted
57
types of feminism
liberal
socialist
radical
58
liberal feminism
- what is accepted by our dominant culture
- thinking that individuals should be free to achieve gender equality
59
socialist feminism
- states that capitalism is the reason for the patriarchy
- argue that liberal feminism does not do enough
- we can not solve the patriarchy unless we restructure the economic system
60
radical feminism
- thinks that liberal and socialist feminism don't do enough
- thinks that gender equality can only be achieved by eliminating gender itself, including in the means of reproduction
- very extreme ideas
61
gender in the 21st century
while changes may be slow, we are seeing movement towards equality
as society we are slowly moving away from some rigid gender stereotypes
62
race
a socially constructed category composed of people who share BIOLOGICALLY transmitted traits that members of society consider important
63
ethnicity
a shared CULTURAL heritage/descent; based on perceived cultural similarities
64
ethnic groups share five common characteristics
1. unique cultural traits, such as language, clothing, holidays, or religious practices
2. a sense of community
3. a feeling of ethnocentrism
4. ascribed membership from birth
5. territoriality, or the tendency to occupy a distinct geographic area by choice and/or for self-protection
65
constructivist view of race
1. race is an invented classification system
2. race is socially created
3. societies' ideas are subject to change
66
what two major characteristics do minorities have
1. they share a distinctive identity
2. subordination/not in power
67
dominant group, race and ethnicity
a dominant group is a racial or ethnic group that has the greatest power and resources in a society
- this is also NOT number based, but power based
- majority group IS number based, but majority group IS NOT the same as the dominant group
- In the united states the younger generation is much more diverse than the older generations
68
pluralism
a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity- equality
69
assimilation
the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category
70
segregation
the physical and social separation of categories of people
71
defacto segregation
segregation still occurs even though it is not by law. Mostly occurs due to previous segregation that was by law
- example neighborhoods have a very long history of segregation- red lining
- churches are one of the most segregated areas
72
genocide
the systematic killing of one category of people by another
73
stereotypes
an exaggerated description applied to every person in some category
- both the dominant group and minorities hold stereotypical beliefs
74
prejudice
- negative beliefs or attitudes held about entire group
- broadly applied, subjective, and stereotype-filled
- these are beliefs NOT actions
75
discrimination
- any behavior that harms individuals or puts them at a disadvantage on the basis of their group membership
- maintains social hierarchy by blocking advancement of subordination groups
- this is the action not necessarily the belief
76
racism
belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior
77
colorism
belief that one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group
78
individual discrimination
someone is individually discriminating against others
79
institutional discrimination
more macro level and they are rules or social norms that discriminate against other groups
- these are built into a system
80
prejudice and discrimination- the vicious circle
stage 1- prejudice and discrimination begin, often an expression of ethnocentrism or attempt to justify economic exploitation
stage 2- social disadvantage as a result of prejudice and discrimination
stage 3- belief in minority's innate inferiority, leading to further prejudice and discrimination causing the cycle to repeat itself
81
explicit bias
beliefs held on a conscious level
82
implicit bias
beliefs held on an unconscious level
- pervasive
- related but distinct mental constructs
- do not necessarily align with our declared beliefs
- generally favor our own ingroup
- malleable
83
who holds privilege
privilege is held by the dominant group
84
privilege
- historically our society has enacted laws that subordinated people of color
- we created mechanisms that perpetuate implicit biases
- implicit bias perpetuates discrimination and institutional discrimination confirms implicit bias
85
ways you can be privileged
- race
- gender
- sexuality
- religion
- body type
- age
- able-bodied
- immigration status
- SES
86
medical sociology
systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and healthcare for both the sick and the healthy
- study of the physical, mental, and social components of health and illness
87
social epidemiology
the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population
88
life-course perspective on health
- social contexts inhabited throughout life can affect health outcomes
89
sociologic view of health
- focus on social causes of disease with a population rather than on immediate cause of individual's illness
- consider how social contexts shape individual health behaviors
- focus about how the contexts people inhabit throughout their lives affect their health
90
medicalization
the process by which previously normal aspects of life are refined as needing medical attention to remedy
- medicalization of deviance- process that changes 'bad' behavior into 'sick' behavior
91
three major ways social relationships affect our health
- social influence
- person-to-person contact
- access to resources- health by gender, health by SES, health by race
92
health and gender
- women live longer than men
- women report poorer physical and mental health
- women go to physicians more
93
Health and SES
social class gradient in health
- SES is strongly linked to health
94
health and race
- observe notable inequalities across racial ethnic groups
95
patient-centered care
the idea that patients should play an active role in the treatment of health problems
96
main reason people gave for not trusting their doctors
the doctor does not spend enough time with them
97
