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Sociology > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

demographic transition theory

A
  • demographic transition is the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development
  • stage 1- pre industrial societies
  • stage 2- early industrialization
  • stage 3- advanced/mature industrialization
  • stage 4- post industrialization
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2
Q

causes of fertility decline

A
  • economic development
  • infant mortality
  • birth control/technology
  • norms and values
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3
Q

US fertility rate

A
  • less than the replacement level, which is 2.1 children per women
  • zero population growth- the level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady state
  • US population does not grow from birth it grows from immigration
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4
Q

urban sociology

A

a subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in the city
- born out of concern with the impact of urbanization in european society

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5
Q

the growth of US cities

A

the metropolitan era 1860-1950
- by 1920 the majority of the population lived in urban areas
Urban decentralization 1950-2000s
- leaving downtown for suburbs
- in 1999, most of the US population lived in suburbs

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6
Q

gentrification

A

new investment, new people, and new establishments moving in and altering downtown areas
- new urbanism supports return to mixed-use, walkable urban communities
- the rural rebound

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7
Q

environmental sociology

A

study of how humans interact with the environments

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8
Q

cultures ties to the environment

A
  • what we eat
  • fashion- significant polluter, second greatest polluter worldwide is the textile industry
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9
Q

culture and growth

A
  • logic of growth
  • limits to growth
  • tragedy of the commons
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10
Q

logic of growth

A

widely accepted in our culture that growth is good and desired. As a result, we move towards unrestrained expansion

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11
Q

limits of growth

A

humanity must implement policies to control growth of a population, material production, as resource use

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12
Q

tragedy of commons

A

each individual acting in their own self interest will, in the long run, bring ruin to everyone

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13
Q

treadmill of production

A

uncontrolled destruction of environment is essential feature of the contemporary economic system

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14
Q

impact that a given group of people has on environment is a function of what

A

it is a function of size of its population multiplied by its degree of affluence and its level of technology

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15
Q

environmental justice

A

achievement of equal protection from environmental hazards for all people, regardless of race, class, or geography

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16
Q

functionalist perspective on deviance

A

There is nothing abnormal about deviance
- it exists in every culture- it is universal
- Durkheim- it is a natural and inevitable part of all society
Deviance is not all bad for society
- affirms cultural values and norms
- responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries and promotes unity
- deviance encourages social change
Too much deviance can be dysfunctional

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17
Q

conflict perspective deviance

A

Deviance reflects social inequality
- people we commonly consider deviants share the trait of powerlessness
The norms of any society generally reflect the interests of the rich and the powerful

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18
Q

symbolic interactionist perspective on deviance

A

Labeling theory
- labels influence who becomes deviant and who does not
- primary deviance- little effect on a persons self concept
- secondary deviance- person begins to take on a deviant identity
Differential association theory
- one becomes deviant if one associates with deviants

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19
Q

types of crime

A
  • crimes against the person
  • crimes against property
  • victimless crimes
  • white-collar crime
  • organized crime
  • corporate crime
  • internet crime
  • political crime
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20
Q

crime stats

A

Most crime statistics come from the uniform crime report
- published by the FBI since 1930s
- based on info from law enforcement agencies
National Crime Victimization survey
- random survey of over 100,000 households
- over 60 percent of all crimes are not reported to police

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21
Q

who commits crimes and who are the victims of crime

Study These Flashcards
A

Who commits crimes
- males are more likely to commit crimes
- younger people are more likely to commit crimes- age crime curve
- marriage reduces your chance of committing a crime or being a victim of a crime- formation of family structure
- people of lower social class are more often charged with crimes and crime more likely to occur in low SES areas
- wealthy people are more likely to commit white collar and corporate crimes
- whites commit the most crime but people of color make up a disproportionate amount of people arrested and in prisons

22
Q

mass shooters

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A

Who are they
- tend to be male
- tend to be overwhelmingly hand guns that are obtained legally
- most mass killings are toward friends and family
What role does our culture play
- account for about 5 percent of the worlds population and 31 percent of mass shootings

23
Q

the criminal justice system

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A

refers to the local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehabilitate criminals
- the police
- the courts
- punishments and corrections

24
Q

criminal justice system- punishment

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A

any action designed to deprive a person of value, including liberty, because of some offense the person is thought to have committed
1. retribution - the punishment should fit the crime
2. general deterrence
3. incapacitation
4. rehabilitation - we don’t invest much into this in America
The united states has a very low rehabilitation rate and a very high re-offender rate

25
prison population in the us
- has decreased overtime - mostly male - 57 percent white, 39 percent black, 29 percent hispanic, 3 percent native american, and 2 percent asian - black people only make up 12.5 percent of the population meaning they are significantly overrepresented in prisons, Hispanic people are also overrepresented - the imbalance in race representation can be attributed to bias - drug offenses represent the largest number of individuals who are incarcerated
26
functionalist perspective on religion
relgion is a cultural universal found in all societies because it meets basic human needs and serves important societal functions 1. meaning and purpose 2. social cohesion and a sense of belonging 3. social control and support for the government
27
religion
a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on a conception of the sacred
28
29
conflict perspective on religion
- religion tends to promote conflict between groups and societies - karl marx- religion is the 'opiate of the masses' - max weber- religion as a catalyst to change; protestant work ethic
30
symbolic interactionist perspective on religion
- religion is socially constructed; symbol, practices, rituals, etc. - religion provides a social meaning - the interaction around religion is a rational choice
31
sociology of religion
- focused on people not text - real not ideal; studies what people do/say rather than what the sacred text says in abstract - secularization- not a decline in faith but a decline in organized relgion
32
what does it mean to be religious
- what are your beliefs - what religious activities do you do - what religious identities or memberships do you have
33
religiosity
the importance of religion in a persons life
34
christianity is the largest religion but Islam is the fastest growing
35
secularization
the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance in society and nonreligious values, principles, and institutions take their place
36
secularization thesis
a belief that as nations progress through various stages, such as modernization and rationalization, religion increasingly loses its authority in all aspects of social life and governance
37
as GDP per capita increases belief in religion decreases
38
ecclesia
religion that claims membership of all members of soceity - usually in places with a state religion - highly integrated within the culture
39
church
large bureaucratically organized religion well integrated into society well established rules and expectations
40
denomination
large organized religious groups more denominations found in areas where there is a separation of church and state
41
sect
relatively small religious group that has broken away from a religious org to renew what feels like an original/true version of the faith - most denominations started as a sect
42
cult
different than a sect because it tends to have practices and teachings outside the dominant culture and outside that religion - cults don't always have to be religious - loosely organized - viewed in society as deviant or evil - rise more when society is under stress and there is uncertainty in society
43
what makes a cult
- authoritarian leader - exclusivity - isolation- ask members to isolate themselves from society - opposition to independent thinking - fear - norms/practice that fall outside the dominant culture
44
families
socially recognized group, usually by blood, marriage, cohabitation, or adoption, that forms an emotional connection and serves as an economic unit of society
45
family of orientation
the family to which a person is born in which early socialization usually takes place
46
family of procreation
the family that a person forms by having or adopting children
47
the extended family
a family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household
48
the nuclear family
a family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children
49
endogamy
marriage between people of the same social category - social norms tend to work to promote this
50
exogamy
marriage between people of different social categories
51
monogamy
marriage that unites two partners
52
polygamy
marriage that unites three or more people - polygyny- man and 2 or more women - polyandry- woman and 2 or more men

Sociology (5 decks)

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