Exam 2

Question 1

Scripts

Answer 1

schemas about certain events

Question 2

Script examples

Answer 2

class and all the different steps (showing up, sitting in usual spot, getting out stuff, etc.)

Question 3

Schemas

Answer 3

info about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships; also used in stereotyping

Question 4

Schema examples

Answer 4

“college professor”

Question 5

Concepts of Priming

Answer 5

activating a concept in the mind (influences thinking) and happens when you encounter stimuli (sights, sounds)

Question 6

Framing

Answer 6

info presented as positive or negative

Question 7

Attributions

Answer 7

casual explanations about behavior/events

Question 8

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 8

(FAE) observers emphasize internal causes and downplay external causes

Question 9

Heuristics

Answer 9

mental shortcuts; fast, but sometimes inaccurate

Question 10

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 10

judge likelihood by the extent it resembles a typical case

Question 11

Availability heuristic

Answer 11

judge likelihood of an event by ease of remembering similar events

Question 12

Simulation heuristic

Answer 12

judge likelihood of an event by ease of imagining it

Question 13

Confirmation bias

Answer 13

tendency to notice and search for info that confirms beliefs

Question 14

Statistical Regression

Answer 14

extreme events are usually followed by less extreme or those closer to average

Question 15

Illusory Correlation

Answer 15

tendency to overestimate link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all

Question 16

Counterfactual Thinking

Answer 16

imagining alternatives to past/present factual events

Question 17

Emotion

Answer 17

how you CONSCIOUSLY feel about a SPECIFIC EVENT

Question 18

Affect

Answer 18

AUTOMATIC RESPONSE that something is good or bad

Question 19

results of research on the differential accessibility of positive v. negative emotional words

Question 20

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 20

if people manipulate their face in a certain way it can impact their emotional experience

Question 21

Theories of emotion

Answer 21

the James-Lange theory
the Cannon-Bard theory
the Schachter and Singer theory

Question 22

James-Lange theory

Answer 22

psychological arousal precedes emotional experience; different reactions to similar stimuli

Question 23

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 23

thalamus sends 2 simultaneous messages to produce emotional experience and physiological arousal

Question 24

Schachter and Singer theory

Answer 24

emotion has 2 components: arousal and cognitive label

Question 25

Be familiar with the principle of the hedonic treadmill.

Answer 25

people return to baseline happiness, regardless of what happens to them

Question 26

dimensional approach

Answer 26

emotions can be classified using 2 dimensions: valence and arousal

Question 27

categorial approach

Answer 27

try to identify primary emotions; focus on functions of emotions

Question 28

What does research about the catharsis hypothesis suggest?

Answer 28

"healthy release"; might decrease aggression

Question 29

guilt

Answer 29

focuses on specific actions: "i DID a bad thing"; constructive

Question 30

shame

Answer 30

more general and internalized: "I'm a bad person"; destructive

Question 31

What’s the main point of the affect-as-information hypothesis?

Answer 31

judge something as good or bad by asking: "how do I feel about it?"

Question 32

What is affective forecasting?

Answer 32

predict emotional reactions to future events

Question 33

risk-as feeling

Answer 33

people rely on emotions to evaluate risk

Question 34

Know Paul Ekman’s six basic emotions.

Answer 34

anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness

Question 35

What is the relationship between arousal and performance?

Answer 35

Yerkes-Dodson Law: some arousal is good for performance, too much can hurt performance

Question 36

Attitudes

Answer 36

global evaluations toward some object or issue; feelings

Question 37

Beliefs

Answer 37

info about something; facts or opinions; thoughts

Question 38

dual attitudes

Answer 38

we may not be aware of all our own attitudes; explicit/deliberate attitudes and implicit/automatic attitudes

Question 39

implicit attitudes (automatic)

Answer 39

private preconscious feelings of liking/disliking; snap judgements

Question 40

explicit attitudes (deliberate)

Answer 40

conscious; feelings of which you're aware

Question 41

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Answer 41

tool for measuring "implicit" attitudes; speed of association of images of stigmatized group members w/ positive/negative words; non-conscious attitudes about these groups

Question 42

mere-exposure effect

Answer 42

more exposure= more familiarity= greater liking Ex: hearing a song 1x vs. 10x

Question 43

Classical conditioning

Answer 43

pair something we already like or dislike w/ something neutral

Question 44

can implicit or explicit attitudes be formed via classical conditioning?

Answer 44

both

Question 45

operant conditioning

Answer 45

develop positive attitudes toward behaviors that are rewarded

Question 46

social learning

Answer 46

learn attitudes through observation

Question 47

How does attitude polarization work?

Answer 47

attitudes become more extreme as we think about them

Question 48

What is the A-B problem?

Answer 48

weak link between attitudes (A) and behavior (B)

Question 49

identify a description of belief perseverance

Answer 49

hard to change beliefs once formed

Question 50

How can religious beliefs help people to cope with problems?

Answer 50

provides social support, sense of meaning and direction, fosters development of virtues