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exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger in the brain

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2
Q

neurohormone

A

messengers through the blood

can also be neurotransmitters depending on location (ex: serotonin is hormone when found in stomach)

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3
Q

neuromodulator

A

moderate the effects of other neurotransmitters but do not do anything themselves

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4
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach) function

A

memory, arousal, regulates involuntary functions, muscle contraction

also involved in narcolepsy, ocd, depression

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5
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach) in CNS

A

alzheimer’s disease: there is a decrease in production of ach

rem sleep: ach levels are high during this

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6
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach) in PNS

A

in neural muscular junctions

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7
Q

Why do you die if Acetylcholine (Ach) is blocked from receptors in PNS?

A

leads to paralysis of muscles like the diaphragm —> suffocation

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8
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach) Recpetors

A

Muscarinic: Ach and specific mushrooms like these receptors
Slow = Metabotropic

Nicotinic: nicotine likes these receptors
fast = ionotropic

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9
Q

Nor epinephrine (NE) functions

A

NE is a precursor to Epi bc of similar chem structure

usually inhibitory (in quiet environment)

excitatory if startled

arousal and mood

may be more important than serotonin when treating depression

too much NE can lead to mania —> bipolar disoder

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10
Q

Nor epinephrine (NE) enzymes

A

COMT breaks down NE into O methylated metabolites

MAO breaks down monoamine NE into Deanimated metabolites

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11
Q

Nor epinephrine (NE) Receptors

A

all of its receptors are slow (metabotropic)

Alpha 1: post synaptic / excitatory

Alpha 2: autoreceptors

Beta 1: inhibitory

Beta 2: autoreceptors

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12
Q

Epinephrine function

A

aka adrenaline

released from adrenal glands —> sympathetic ns

regulates blood pressure

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13
Q

Dopamine (DA) function

A

pleasure, mood, arousal

DA is released when pleasure happens, it doesn’t cause it.

constant release of it classically conditions the body which leads to addiction

is a precursor to NE (DA –> NE –> Epi)

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14
Q

Dopamine (DA) Receptors

A

all are slow (metabotropic)

D1 and D5: couple to G protein and stimulate adenylyl cyclase

D2,3,4: couple to G protein and inhibit adenylyl cyclase

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15
Q

Dopamine (DA) Psychological Relations

A

working memory: type of short term memory
- holds and manipulates memory (say “silk” —> remove L —> say it again “sik”

reward reinforcement: released

schizophrenia, tourettes, hunington’s disease

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16
Q

Serotonin

A

mood, arousal, sleep, sex, depression, pain sensitivity

largest group of sub receptors

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17
Q

Amino Acids

A

amino acids that can act as nt

both are ionotropic but can act as metabotropic

Glutamate: primary excitatory

GABA: primary inhibitory (barbiturates, alc, gen. anesthesia)

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18
Q

Peptides

A

all peptides are slow (chain of 2-10 amino acids)

receptors are metabotropic

endorphins:
- oxytocin: causes uterus to contract, helps produce milk, orgasms
- vasopressin: makes you pee (like when you drink)

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19
Q

why do food comas happen?

A

availability of tryptophan (amino acid in food) increases when you eat. tryptophan increases production of serotonin which promotes relaxation and drowsiness

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20
Q

neurotransmitters and diet

A

you can not predict if what you are eating will fix things / affect neurotransmitters

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21
Q

why are essential amino acids important?

A

the body does not make them which is why a balanced meal is important

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22
Q

what are the 5 divisions of the brain and where are they?

A

telencephalon: cerebral cortex (cortical)
myelencephalon: brainstem
metencephalon: brainstem
mesencephalon: brainstem
diencephalon: brainstem

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23
Q

what are the two hemispheres?

A

left: logic and language
right: creativity (processes info like art and music) and emotion

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24
Q

what are the four lobes of the brain?

A

occipital: vision
parietal: sensory integration and attention
temporal: memory, hearing, and language
frontal: executive function, higher order processing

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25
limbic system?
pleasure and sensation
26
basal ganglia?
voluntary movement
27
parts of diencephalon?
thalamus: sensory relay (center before going to cortex) hypothalamus: controls pituitary pituitary: hormone production
28
parts of mesencephalon?
MIDBRAIN which has.. superior colliculus: visual info & inferior colliculus: auditory (both make up the tectum) periaqueductal gray: pain control center (manages endorphins), red nucleus, & substantia niagra which make up the tegmentum
29
parts of metencephalon?
pons: sensory relay center, implications for memory cerebellum: sensory motor
30
parts of myencephalon?
medulla: homeostasis reticular formation: attention, arousal, rem sleep
31
what is tolerance? acute and cross tolerance?
tolerance: less sensitivity to drugs acute: tolerance built up quickly (can happen within same admin) cross: taking 1 drug can make you tolerant to another (alc & barbs)
32
tolerance and liver metabolism
more drugs = more p450 enzymes - the enzymes dont have specific targets, will eliminate any and all drugs
33
neurotransmitter depletion and tolerance
autoreceptors (feedback loop) --> no more production of those n.t - hangovers and withdrawal happen as body adjusts itself
34
down regulation
sucks up receptors limiting chances of action potential due to repeated exposure of n.t
35
desensitization
receptors die off/ are worn out due to over exposure and are less responsive, not creating action potentials - G proteins will disconnect from primary messenger
36
up regulation
creating new receptors due to no action potentials happening bc recepetors are blocked
37
sensitization
less stimulation needed to create an action potential
38
neuropeptide synthesis
proteins that attack other drugs to get out of system - body creates anti opioid peptides to get rid of opioids
39
habituation
general decrease in response without requiring a specific context to occur
40
context specific tolerance
reduced response is tied to the environment or context in which the stimulus is presented
41
new terms for positive & negative reinforcement
reinforcement contingency (pos) escape contingency (neg)
42
new terms for negative and positve punishment
punishment contingency (pos) penalty contingency (neg)
43
what is instrumental conditioning?
happens while you're doing A TASK - does not transcend to other tasks - tolerance is related to difficulty of task - cravings happen: body will try to maintain homeostasis when it sees trigger - tolerance can transfer to similar drugs
44
drug dependence vs abuse
dependence: needed to be able to function abuse: using at HIGH levels
45
drug psychological dependence primary
primary: anticipated pleasure not actual - cravings
46
secondary psychological and physical dependence
secondary: continued use bc fear of withdrawal physical: stop taking=withdrawal
47
physical dependence theory
people feel crappy so they take drugs - does not explain relapse and why we go back
48
incentive sensitization theory
anticipated pleasure - explains relapse, cocaine, purging and binging
49
what drugs are equally psychological and physically addictive
alcohol and barbiturates
50
what drugs are highly psychologically addictive and low physically
psycho stimulants
51
what drugs are low psychological and high physical addictive
caffeine prescription drugs
52
what drugs are not considered addictive
lsd and shrooms
53
how to treat drug dependence
recognition of problem (usually rock bottom) incentive to change underlying causes break cue dependent cravings drug treatment
54
what does drug treatment do for drug dependence?
reduces cravings blocks drug effects long lasting less toxic
55
why are drugs hard to classify?
small differences in chem structure causes different effects different effects at different levels why we take them (recreational vs medicinal)
56
how are drugs named?
code chemical generic brand street
57
neurotransmission and drugs
can impact different stages of neurotransmission and action potential - epilepsy medication or SSRI (block re uptake of serotonin)
58
what are psycho stimulants
they increase neurological activity - caffeine: most widely used (200-300mg avg) - nicotine - amphetamines: uppers like adderall - cocaine
59
what are opioids
narcotics made from poppy plant opium (made from dried up internal juices) - morphine - heroin (semi synthetic morphine: turns back into morphine after it passes BBB) codeine (made from latex paste) - vicodin - oxycodone - hydrocodone
60
what are atypical/ second generation drugs?
they're not supposed to cause bad side effects / they produce fewer side effects
61
sedative hypnotics & anxiolytics
alcohol barbiturates benzodiazepines inhalants anticonvulsants
62
alcohol
cns depressant reduce excitability of neurons (works in gaba) low does (chill) high dose (sleep) slows down intake of sodium and potassium which makes it harder for action potentials to occur
63
why does alcohol act as stimulant toward beginning?
alc suppresses frontal lobe (exec function) but limbic system continues to fire which is why we do things we would not do sober - lower inhibitions
64
what is bac?
blood alcohol content legal limit: .08% which means for every 100ML of blood there is .08% alcohol in it
65
alcohol dehydrogenase
enzyme that breaks down alcohol into acetaldehyde
66
psychological effects of alcohol
increase social integration poor judgement violence / aggression memory loss no impulse control
67
physiological effects of alcohol
lowers body temp: causes pores to dilate, blood rushes to skin, body releases liquid & evaporates heart rate increases increases stomach acid: why you shouldn't drink on empty stomach dehydration: increases urination
68
breakdown of alcohol
alcohol acetaldehyde (poison, makes you sick) acetic acid carbon monoxide water
69
alcohol receptors
gaba : increases activity nmda: activity reduced (glutamate)
70
effects of alcohol (liver)
liver metabolism: reduces way in which liver processes glucose and production of certain fats - fatty liver: accumulation of fat alcohol hepatitis: inflammation of liver (stage 1 of liver disease) - jaundice - fluid in abdomen - fatigue cirrhosis is building up of scar tissue from burst cells in liver
71
cognitive effects of alcohol
visual spatial skills brain shrinkage (hippocampus specifically, but overall) wernicke's (short term / confusion) korsakoff (long term memory loss) syndrome
72
benefits of alcohol
increases TPA production: decreases blood clots and increases HDL (good cholesterol) reduces susceptibility of getting sick stress reduction mood enhancer
73
disease model vs compulsive drug use disorder
disease model: cont control use, have to get sober by yourself, all or nothing compulsive: flexible theory in terms of treatment
74
type 1 vs 2 alcoholism
1: binge/purge more female no thrill guilt 2: starts earlier just drinking, no binge thrill seek no guilt violent criminal activity more genetic than 1
75
stages of alc withdrawal
1: 5-6 hrs tremors nausea sweating 2: 15-30 hrs seizures and convulsion risk 3: 48 hours DT bizarre delusions hypothermia tachycardia potentially death
76
johnson intervention vs motivational interviewing
J.I: typical intervention does not work attacks people and makes denial worse M.I: therapist mindset have to know where people are in addiction mindset to properly treat them
77
alcoholism treatments
coercion (interventions) physical dependence: anticonvulsants naltrexone: most effective chem treatment to control cravings cue exposure therapy antabuse is used but does not work: it is poison makes u sick
78
fetal alcohol syndrome
first trimester most sig. risk severe intellectual disability / low iq smaller than avg brains (basil g) heart issues smooth cleft extra eye fold poor muscle coordination bad behavior no guilt impulsive
79
barbiturates
alcohol in pill form used for sedation in surgery inhibitory effects: gaba and k (potassium) shortens rem sleep bc it increases deep sleep (delta) and shortens high level sleep (alpha waves)
80
anxiolytics
treat anxiety phobia panic disorder generalized anxiety disorder ptsd ocd
81
benzodiazepines
indirect agonist for gaba receptors not addictive, but tolerance built up fast muscle relaxers aggression reducer anticonvulsant high physical dependence risk of seizures (during withdrawal) long term side effects: headaches, violence, nausea
82
buspirone
anticonvulsant but not a benzo used as add on bc too many side effects in high dosages emotional symptoms atypical anxiolytic: does not affect motor control, make you sleep serotonin agonist

psy 310 (2 decks)

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