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HP 410 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are predictors of drug use, misuse, abuse, and dependence?

A

Intrapersonal and extrapersonal

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2
Q

What are extrapersonal predictors for drug use, misuse, abuse, and dependence?

A

It is neurological and cognition

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3
Q

What are predictors for extrapersonal drug use, misuse, abuse, and dependence?

A

social groups and large social/physical environment

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4
Q

What is the chicken and the egg?

A

Does a variable lead to later drug use or addictive behavior (is it a predictor), or does it stem from drug use or addictive behavior (outcome). A (antecdents), B (behaviors), C (consequences)

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5
Q

What are genes?

A

Genetic variations, genetic polymorphisms and allele associations lead to
differences in metabolic processes, which may lead to addiction

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6
Q

What are brain structures?

A

Brain variation or structure/pathway communication may
lead to addiction

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7
Q

What are brain juices?

A

Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides

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8
Q

What is the genetic variance of drug abuse?

A

30% to 60% of the variation in drug abuse

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9
Q

What is the genetic variance of alcoholism among siblings?

A

rug abuse (e.g., Deak & Johnson, 2021; Facal et al., 2021—50% of alcoholism; twin studies; e.g., brother-brother, father-son; COGA Study

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10
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

emotional processing of sensory inputs; innervates VTA; conditioned incentives

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11
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

set-point, regulation functions; innervates VTA

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12
Q

What is the ventral tegmental area?

A

VTA (manufacture of DA)

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13
Q

What is medial forebrain bundle?

A

MFB) (carrier of DA)

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14
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens?

A

an endpoint of DA, sends information to motor areas)

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15
Q

What is the palladium?

A

connects movement-control regions

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16
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

guidance of behavior from episodic inputs; long-
term memory

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17
Q

What is the anterior cingulate cortex?

A

executive processing, planning

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18
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

another endpoint of DA; Dorsolaeral PFC [working memory]

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19
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

They are associated with appetitive-motivated behaviors

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19
Q

What is the orbital frontal cortex?

A

(implicit cognition, emotion, motivation

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19
Q

What is the medial frontal cortex?

A

effort-based reward-related decision making

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20
Q

What is serotonin?

A

It is associated with emotion/pleasure maintenance and sleep processing

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21
Q

What is dopamine?

A

It is associated with novelty, pleasure, and reward

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22
Q

What do recreational drugs do to the brain and neurotransmitters?

A

They appear to increase DA turnover

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23
What is the reward deficiency syndrome?
Insufficient D2 dopamine, serotonin, or norepinephrine production, receptors, pattern of firing; self-medication mayb
24
What is the incentive-sensitization theory?
Dissociation of “liking” [mu opioid hotspots] with “wanting” [mesolimbic DA]
25
What is allostasis?
opponent-process counteradaptation
26
What are the 6 neurotransmitter-relevant theories of addiction?
1. reward deficiency syndrome 2. incentive-sensitization theory 3. allostasis 4. BAS(behavioral approach system)- BIS (behavioral inhibition system) 5. opioid system 6. epigenetics
27
What is opioid system theory?
lowered MAO (monoamine oxidase) activity may lead to sensation seeking and elevated DA (“wanting”
28
What is the theory of epigenetics?
Possible activity leading to expression of vulnerability and possible activity to lead to functional rewiring (neuroplasticity)
29
What is an addictive personality?
sensation seeking
30
What is a sensation seeking personality(SS)?
desiring varied, novel, intense experiences
31
What are some characteristics of a sensation seeking personality?
Impulsivity, Lack of regulation, inability to bond unconventionality, rebelliousness. All may be neurobiologically-based
32
What are cognitive-informational errors?
Errors that may affect one's likelihood of becoming a drug abuser
33
What is implicit associative processes?
subtle media and other social modeling, myths and facts; “system 1”); spreading activation in memory; cues-behaviors-outcomes
34
What are the cognitive etiological variables of drug abuse?
1. errors of frequency 2. false consensus effect 3. illusionary correlation 4. implicit associative processes 5. unrealistic optimism 6. dual processing 7. explicit cognitive processes impaired 8. expecting what have been taught or past experiences 9. implicit/relatively automatic processes can take over control
35
What is mystification?
subjective process and outcomes become confused such as getting used to a drug
36
What are social interaction and social group etiological variable influencing drug abuse?
1. family unit/parenting 2. family interactions and protective or risk factors 3. parenting styles 4. quality/quantity of family time
37
What is information social influence?
covert/observational/modeling) social influence may operate
38
What is normative social influence?
overt/adherence/acceptance) social influence may operate
39
What is the social cognitive theory of
1. Suggests that drug use can develop through vicarious learning, modeling, and through reinforcing pharmacological drug effects 2. Family or peer role models act as teachers of the time and place, quantity and methods of drug use
40
What is social support?
Assistance people in social networks provide to each other. The various types of social support that individuals can offer each other include: companionship, instrumental, conformity, informational
41
Where is the majority of cocaine manufactured?
about 80 percent is from Colombia
42
Where does the majority of opium come from?
Afghanistan about 85 percent then Myanmar about 10 percent
43
What country has the highest cases of opium?
70% come from Asia and 20% of America
44
How do people get drugs such as cocaine and heroine?
Access, acquisition skills, and a means of exchange
45
How do socioeconomics affect drug use?
Adverse socioeconomic conditions may affect some to self-medicate with drugs under disadvantaged circumstances. Conversely, individuals of high socioeconomic status (SES) may be able to afford large quantities of drugs, causing a descent in SES due to addiction (downward drift
45
What are some social an physical environmental etiological influences on drug use?
1. ease of distribution 2. neighborhood disorganization 3. air pollution 4. socioeconomics
46
How does air pollution affect drug use?
Air pollution may exist in urban areas, but may directly dysregulate mesolimbic DA turnover to vulnerability to addiction
47
What is true about ethnicity and drug use?
W>B drug use, but B>W dependence
48
What is true about gender and drug use?
1.M are 2-to-4 times more likely to report a substance use disorder than FM 2.M>FM self-disclosure of addiction 3.Fetal effects (e.g., 54% of pediatric AIDS from mother due to needle use 4.FM>M: custody issues, more likely to lack insurance, victimization 5.Sex-role expectations and differential stigma affects drug use prevalence or self-disclosure 6.Gender roles: androgynous least likely to misuse substances
49
How does culture influence drug use?
Life habits or rituals, normative structures and expectations, and beliefs about drug use and its effects may affect drug use
50
What is acculturation?
Identification with Culture of Origin Versus Host Culture
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HP 410 (3 decks)

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