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MIP 260 > EXAM 2* > Flashcards

EXAM 2* Flashcards

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1
Q

Hepatozoan americanum taxonomy

A

Protozoa-apicomplexa-coccidia

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2
Q

Hepatozoan americanum transmission and hosts

A

Transmission is caused by the consumption of the definitve host (blood feeding arthropod)

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3
Q

Give an example for transmission of Hepatozoan americanum

A

Dog eats a tick

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4
Q

Hepatozoan americanum life stages

A

Meronts - Occur in muscle, and release gamonts into bloodstream
Gamonts - Occur in WBCs, circulate in blood

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5
Q

Oocysts

A

Protective structure of zygotes

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6
Q

What do oocysts contain?

A

Directly beneat the oocyst is the sporocyst and below that are sporozoites

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7
Q

Briefly describe the lifecycle of Hepatozoan americanum

A

Dog ingests oocysts (from ticks or other paratenic hosts) and sporozoites are released and develop in tissues as meronts. Ticks suck these up and sexual rep. occurs in them

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8
Q

Primary sign of Hepatozoan americanum infection

A

Decreased mobility in hind limbs

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9
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola taxonomy

A

Helminth - Trematode (Fluke (diginean))

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10
Q

What disease does Nanophyetus salmincola cause?

A

Rickettsial disease

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11
Q

Briefly describe the Nanophyetus salmincola lifecycle include IH and DH

A

Dogs (DH) eat raw salmon containig the fluke, eggs pass through feces, enter water and infect a snail (IH) then the salmon (IH)

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12
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola eggs

A

These eggs are unembryonated when they are passed in the feces of the DH

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13
Q

What is the infective stage of Nanophyetus salmincola

A

Metacercaria

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14
Q

Histomonas meleagridis taxonomy

A

Protozoa - Flagellate

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15
Q

What disease does Histomonas meleagridis cause (in who)

A

Black Head in:
turkeys, chickens, pheasants

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16
Q

Whats special to consider about Histomonas meleagridis

A

It only exists as a trophozoite and eggs survive a long time in soil

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17
Q

What is the vector for Histomonas meleagridis

A

A nematode, Heterakis

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18
Q

Histomonas meleagridis life cycle

A

Histomonas infects Heterakis (vector IH nematode), when heterakis is consumed by chickens histomonas infects the chicken too

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19
Q

What are paratenic hosts associated with Histomonas meleagridis

A

Earthworms (maybe the chicken wont eat the heterakis, but earthworms?)

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20
Q

Histomonas meleagridis IH and PH

A

IH: Histakis
PH: Earthworm

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21
Q

Insects

A

Fleas, Flies, Lice, Mosquito

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22
Q

Arachnids

A

Spiders, Ticks, Mites

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23
Q

Lice groups

A

Phthiraptera: Chewing and Sucking Lice

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24
Q

Lice anatomy

A

Wingless,
DV flattened (pancake),
no eyes,
tarsal claws

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25
Highly adapted to parasitism
Lice
26
Single Tarsal Claw
Characteristic of sucking lice
27
Flea Morphology
Bilaterally flattened, wingless, long hind legs for jumping
28
Parasitisim within life stages of fleas
Larvae are not parasitic, they feed on material in the surroundings
29
Flea Identification
Looking at their comb under microscope and knowing what the host was
30
Flea eggs
Adults lay eggs that fall into the environment, get into bedding and carpet..
31
Four life stages of Fleas
Adults lay eggs, eggs hatch into larvae, form pupae and hatch again to form adults
32
Ticks and Mites Life Stages, which has 6 legs. Instars?
Larvae (6 legged), nymphs, and adults - Instars refer to developmental stage between two molts (life stages)
33
Ticks and Mites morphology
Two body regions DV Flattened (pancake) Sexual Dimorphism (M+F look different)
34
Hard Ticks vs soft ticks
Soft ticks have no head or scutum
35
Why are blood meals important for ticks?
They are important for females laying eggs
36
Ornate vs Inornate Ticks
Ornate ticks have white markings on their scutum
37
Male vs Female morphology of ticks
Male - scutum covers the entire back Female - only a small portion near the mouth
38
Tick ID: Amblyomma
Ornate, Long mouthparts
39
Tick ID: Ixodes
Inornate, Long mouthparts
40
Tick ID: Rhipicephalus
Inornate, short mouthparts
41
Tick ID: Dermacentor
Ornate, short mouthparts
42
Cheyletiella
Mite: Causes walking dandruff, and feeds on keratin, (nonburrowing)
43
Sarcoptes scabei
Mite: Very round, long stalk, causes itchiness, (burrowing)
44
Demodex
Mite: Considered normal micrbiota but can overgrow in hair folloicles. Deep skin scrapes are necessary to get them out and test
45
Stalk or Pedicle
Structures in mites that can vary in length and that have suckers at the ends
46
Burrowing vs nonburrowing mites
Burrowing: tunnel into skin and lay eggs Nonburrowing: stay on the surface of host
47
Apicomplexan Life Cycle and products
Merogony - forms merozoites Gamogony - forms oocysts Sporogony - forms sporozoites
48
Oocyst vs Sporulated Oocyst
Oocysts are formed by apicomplexans - they contain zygotes and shed in feces of host. Sporulated oocysts are infectious
49
What are the infectious products of merogony? What type of organism forms them?
Merozoites, formed by apicomplexans
50
Some Eimeria species are self limiting. What does this mean?
Self limiting means that the infection naturally resolves on its own due to host immune response
51
Microgamete va macrogamete
MICROgametes are males MACROgametes are females
52
Sporulated vs unsporulated oocyst
Sporulated has the three different components - oocyst, sporocyst, sporozoites Unsporulated has uniform contents
53
Micropyle Cap is specific to what organism
Eimeria
54
Oocysts Release: Schizonts Release:
Sporozoites Merozoites
55
Host specific organism example
Eimeria
56
Why do we see an exponential expansion of Eimeria
ingestion of a sporulated oocyst infects GI cells, and they asexually replicate and infect the continuing cells in the lining
57
Eimeria causes what disease and what is the main symptom
Coccidiosis, diarrhea
58
Protozoa - Apicomplexa - Coccidia - EXAMPLES
Cryptosporidia Toxoplasma Eimeria
59
Opportunistic Organism, what does this mean
Cryptosporidium; causes infection if and when it can. takes advantage when immune response is low
60
What is unique about Cryptosporidium infections
The oocysts are sporulated when passed through feces; infectious
61
Cryptosporidium Auto Infection
If oocysts bursts they can cause infection the host
62
Cryptosporidium disease primary symptom and diagnosis
Diarrhea (+/- chronic) Diagnosed through looking at feces under the microscope and looking for oocysts
63
Is Cryptosporidium zoonotic?
C. parvum is zoonotic, infections are passed form calves to humans
64
Plasmodium taxonomy
Protozoa - apicomplexa
65
Plasmodium lifecycle brief. Who is the IH and DH
Mosquito takes a blood meal and injects human with sporozoites. They go to the liver and then release merozoites itno blood stream. They undergo merogony and gamogony in the RBC. Zygote is formed in the mosquito after it takes a blood meal IH - Human DH - Mosquito, vector
66
Plasmodium causes what disease
Malaria
67
What key morphology could help with species diagnosis of plasmodium?
P. falciparum has banana shaped gametocytes
68
What causes the cycle of fevers and chills in plasmodium
When RBCs rupture merozoites are released and trigger an inflammatory response
69
P. falciparum vs P. vivax. Which has the longer fevers? Chills?
P. falciparum has long fevers P. vivax has longer chills
70
Malaria diagnosis
Organisms found in blood smears
71
How can we control malaria?
Control the vector population
72
Toxoplasma gondii taxonomy
Protozoa - apicomplexa - coccidia
73
Tachyzoiote vs Bradyzoite
Tachyzoite - quickly dividing Bradyzoite - slow dividing, forms tissue cysts
74
Toxoplasma Gondii IH and DH
IH: Humans, mammals, birds DH: cats
75
Why are tissue cysts important to toxoplasma gondii
They persists and evade immunity in IHs
76
What are the three modes of transmission to humans for Toxoplasma gondii?
- raw or undercooked meat - contaminated food - contact with sporulated oocysts in cat feces
77
What are some precautions that should be taken by pregnant women for Toxoplasma gondii
Avoid contact with cat feces, becayse they can contain sporulated oocysts. If mom gets infected it can be passed to the fetus
78
Giardia Taxonomy
Protozoa - Flagellate
79
Giardia lifecycle brief
Humans consume cysts from contaminated food. Trophozoites and cysts are passed in feces
80
Prepatent period
The time between when an infection starts and when you start to be able to see it diagnostically
81
Giardia Symptoms
Causes damage to microvilli in the GI tract and minimizes absorption of nutrients
82
Why is giardia difficult to diagnose?
It can be confused with yeast or other things from the environment under the microscope
83
Kinetoplasts taxonomy
Protozoa - Flagellate - Kinetoplasts
84
Kinetoplast examples
Trypanosoma Leishmania
85
Amastigote Promastigote Epimastigote Trypomastigote
A - Not flagellated P - flagellated, no undulating membrane E - flagellated, short undulated membrane T - flagellated, long undulating membrane
86
African Sleeping Sickness caused by? vector?
Trypanosoma brucei, tsetse fly
87
Chagas Disase caused by? vector?
Trypanosoma cruzi, kissing bug
88
Nagana caused by? vector?
Trypanosoma brucei brucei, no vector
89
VSG switching
This is a protein coating that allows an organisms to change antigenic coding and hide from the immune system
90
Chagas disease symptoms. Children vs Adult?
Swollen ocular region, Romana's sign Acute in children, chronic in adults.
91
Nagana Symptoms
Emacited livestock
92
African sleeping sickness symptoms
Sore at bite site, aching, personality changes
93
Leishmania cutaneous form caused by
L tropica, major, and mexicana
94
Leishmania mucocutaneous form caused by
L. braziliensis
95
Leishmania Visceral form caused by? Primary Symptom?
L. donovani, Amastigotes found in every tissue and body fluid
96
Leishmania diagnosis
Scrapings form an ulcer, smeared and stained

MIP 260 (5 decks)

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