EXAM 3* Flashcards
(225 cards)
1
Q
Schistosoma taxonomy
A
Platyhelminth - trematode
2
Q
Monoecious
A
Male and female reproductive structures in one organism
3
Q
“Blood fluke”
A
Schistosoma
4
Q
Dioecious
A
Seperate sexes
5
Q
Where are adult flukes found?
A
Nearly all organs and in the vascular system
6
Q
Digenean vs monogenean trematode
A
Diginean - Snail first IH
Monogenean - Attach to fish, ectoparasites
7
Q
Tegument
A
Outer surrounding in platyhelminths (tapeworms and flukes) allow for absorption of nutrients
8
Q
Monoecious flukes examples
A
Fascioloa and Clonorchis
9
Q
Monoecious flukes morphology (identify 3/4 structures)
A
Ventral acetabula, Oral sucker, blind ended digestive tract, Vitelline (female)
10
Q
Trematode life cycle, eggs
A
One egg turns into hundreds of adults
11
Q
Trematode life stages
A
Egg - miracidia in aquatic environment - sporocyst redia and cercaria occur in the snail - lose tail to become metacercaria, turn into adults
12
Q
What three life stages of trematode occur in the snail
A
Sporocyst, redia, cercaria (leaves the snail)
13
Q
First motile form in the trematode life cycle
A
Cercaria, it loses its tail and becomes metacercaria
14
Q
Schistoma life cycle differences compared to other trematodes
A
Doesnt have metacercaria (they keep their tails)
AND
Dioecious
15
Q
Oviparous
A
Egg laying outside of host
16
Q
Digenean trematode life cycle steps in a SNAIL
A
Sporocysts contain germinal cells that develop into rediae then cercariae thatt leave the snail
17
Q
Metacercariae in the environment
A
found on vegetation waiting for grazing herbivores
18
Q
Hardy form trematode
A
Metacercaria
19
Q
Operculum
A
Characteristic of trematode (fluke) eggs
20
Q
Schistosoma morphology
A
Dioecious - males have gynephorical canal in which females lie
21
Q
How is S. haematobium passed from the host
A
Passed in urine
22
Q
Schistosoma life cycle
A
Eggs - release miracidia - penetrate snails - sporocysts in snails - cercariae released by snail and penetrate humans, form in the blood and passed
23
Q
What chronic infection can schistosoma cause?
A
Squamous cell carcinoma
24
Q
Schistosoma symptoms
A
Itchiness at infection site, hematuria or dysura
25
S. mansoni morphology/ diagnosis
Lateral spine
26
S. japonicum morphology/ diagnosis
Lateral knob
27
S. haematobium morphology/ diagnosis
terminal spine
28
How do humans get infected with schistosoma
Being in bodies of water
29
Fasciola taxonomy
Platyhelminth - trematode
30
"Common Liver Fluke"
Fasciola
31
Fasciola morphology
Shoulders and cephalic cone, ventral acetabulum
32
Where are immature fasciola flukes found in a host
Spend lots of time in the liver and bile ducts, eggs are passed into the small intestine and passed in stool
33
Faciola eggs
Passed through feces, unembryonated
34
Fasciola pathology
Destroy the liver of its host, fibrosis, and necrosis
35
Cephalic
Refers to the head region
36
Fasciola Life cycle
TREMATODE
unembryonated eggs passed in feces, and snail ingests it (sporocyst, redia, cercaria), Cercaria travel to vegetation where they are picked up by grazing herbivores
37
Fasciola eggs
Are passed into the small intestine and then through feces where they are passed unembryonated
38
What life stage leaves the snail?
Cercaria (motile)
39
Fasciolosis symptoms
Malaise (abdominal pain or discomfort), hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
40
Fasciola or other Trematode Diagnosis technique
Sedimentation, mix feces with WATER and observe the eggs that sink.
41
Mulluscides
Kills snails to reduce platyhelminth populations
42
Clonorchis sinensis Taxonomy
trematode (digenean)
43
Clonorchis sinensis life cycle
DIGENEAN TREMATODE
Snail first IH
Fish second IH
DH eats the raw or undercooked fish and passed in feces
44
Clonorchis sinensis reside where in the DH
Bile duct
45
Clonorchis sinensis symptoms
TREMATODE
Hepatomegaly, jaundice, pancreatitis
46
Tapeworm morphology
Proglottids, tegument, scollex (sucker), Dioecious, No digestive tract
47
What are the three types of suckers on a skullex
Acetabula
Bothria
Bothridia
48
Gravid
Egg filled
49
Tapeworm does it have seperate sexes?
Yes, dioecious
50
Cestode egg morhology
Differ greatly in their morphologies, very diverse
51
Cysticercus
The larval tapeworm associated with T. solium
52
Diphyllobothrium latum common name
Broad fish tapeworm
53
Diphyllobothrium latum taxonomy
Cestode
54
Diphyllobothrium latum scollex
Has bothria used for attachment
55
Long chains of proglottids, with polka dots in the middle of each, is a characteristic of what parasite?
Characteristic of Diphyllobothrium
56
Diphyllobothrium latum life cycle brief
Eggs released in water and ingested by copepods(IH). copepod eaten by fish (IH) -- paratenic host -- human (DH)ingests raw or undercooked fish
57
Diphyllobothrium life stages
Eggs, coracidium (ingested by copepod), procercoid larvae (develops in copepod), plerocercoid
58
How long does a Diphyllobothrium infection last?
Many years, in the order of years
59
Diphyllobothrium latum symptoms
- ASYMPTOMATIC
- Intestinal obstruction
- Cholangitis (Inflammation of the bile duct)
60
Diphyllobothrium latum diagnosis
Identify characteristic proglottids
Microscopic ID of eggs
61
Taenia solium common name
Pork Tapeworm
62
Taenia solium taxonomy
Cestode
63
Taenia solium scollex
Four suckers and ROSTELLUM, two rows of hooks
64
Taenia solium eggs are similar to thatt of:
T. saginata
65
Taenia solium lifecycle with humans as definitive host
Humans ingest raw PORK containing cysticercus, eggs are passed in feces and pigs get infected from eggs
66
Taenia solium lifecycle with humans as an intermediate host
Humans ingest eggs, and when they hatch they develop in human tissues
67
Cysticercus develops into ______
The scollex of a tapeworm
68
Neurocysticercosis
Taenia solium infection in the nervous system
69
Taenia solium symptoms
- asymptomatic
- Passage of proglottids (humans as the DH)
70
Taenia solium diagnosis in humans (DH)
Find proglottids in feces
71
What are the cestodes discussed in this exam
Taenia, Echinococcus, Diphyllobothrium
TED
72
When the cysticercus dies in the intermediate host what does it lead to
Severe inflammatory response
73
Most common disease of the CNS
Neurocysticercus
74
Taenia solium diagnosis in humans (IH)
Biopsy, MRI
75
Echinococcus granulosus causes what diease
Hydatid disease
76
Echinococcus granulosus taxonomy
Cestode
77
Echinococcus granulosus size
In the order of millimeters, consists of only 3-6 segments
78
Larval tapeworms form______
What tapeworm?
Hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus)
79
Hydatid disease lifecycle
Canid (DH) ingests eggs and tapeworm lives in the GI tract, segments passed in feces and ingested by sheep (IH)
80
What is true of all tapeworm lifeycles
Indirect, complex
81
Hydatid cysts are not complex (T/F)
FALSE
82
Hydatid cysts symptoms
may be asymptomatic for years, causes crowding of organs and bone death
83
How to prevent tapeworm infections with Echinococcus granulosus
Prevent free roaming and consumption of things in the environment
84
Dracunculus medinensis taxonomy
nematode
85
Dracunculus medinensis common name
Guinea worm
86
Nematode female vs male
Females are much larger or longer than males
87
Ovoviviparous
Eggs hatch within the body (of the parent)
88
Dracunculus medinensis life cycle
Humans (DH) drink infected water containing copepods (IH), they penetrate tissues and females mature release larvae into envirnment from a blister bursting in water
89
Dracunculus medinensis signs
blisters, itching
90
Dracunculus medinensis diagnostics
Adult worms found in blisters
91
Wuchereria bancrofti taxonomy
Nematode
92
Wuchereria bancrofti causes
Lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis
93
Females are ovoviviparous
Characteristics of nematodes (Wucheria bancrofti)
94
Nematode lifecycle
Microfilaria
L1
L2
L3 - Infectious stage
L4
ADULT
95
Periodicity Wucheria bancrofti
Microfilaria are present in peripheral blood at certain times of the day (night) and dissappear at other times
96
Why is advantageous for microfilaria to be present in peripheral blood at night?
Night feeding mosquitos are the primary vectors
97
What affects or causes periodicity?
Changing body temperatures
98
Wucheria bancrofti brief life cycle
NEMATODE
L3 infectious stage enterrs human (DH) and goes to lymphatics, mosquito(IH) picks them up and L3 are molted out and enterred into another human
99
Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) symptom phases
Acute Inflammatory phase: adult worms cause inflammation of lymph nodes and interferes with lymphatic flow
Obstructive phase: vessels become thickened, lymph causes milky urine
100
Mossy foot is characteristic of what pathogen?
Wucheria bancrofti
101
How is Wucheria bancrofti diagnosed?
Looking at and searching for microfilaria in the blood (take a sample at night due to periodicioty) (KNOTTS TEST?)
102
Trichinella common name
Garbage worm
103
Trichinella causes what disease
Trichinellosis
104
Trichinella related to
Realted to whipworm (trichuris)
105
Trichinella spiralis life cycle
Host ingests meat with encysted larvae, released from cysts in stomach, develop into adults in the small intestine and can migrate to all tissues to form NURSE CELLS
106
Nurse cells characteristic of what lifecycle?
Trichinella spiralis
107
Where does trichinella migrate throughout the host in their lifecycle
Stomach
Small intestine
ANY tissue
108
Trichinella diagnosis
Looking for nurse cells in Muscle
biopsy
Serological tests (blood): search for eosinophils
History and clinical signs
109
Trichuris common name
Whipworm
110
Trichuris eggs
Lemon shaped with bipolar plugs
111
What is differtent about trichuris pathology
Develops in the large intestine (rather than small intestine)
112
Trichuris diagnosis is difficult why?
Look for eggs, but they are so few in number
113
Ascarids taxonomy
nematode
114
Ascarid common name
Large roundworm
115
Ascarid eggs
Very hardy in the environment
116
Three prominent lips
Characteristic of ascarids
117
Cuticle
Outer covering of a nematode
118
Tegument
Outer covering of a platyhelminth
119
Ascaris life cycle in Humans
Adult worms live in small intestine and thousands of eggs are passed from feces into environment. Eggs embryonate and are ingested from contaminated food or water. Travel to GI tract and then are coughed up to enter the lungs and heart
120
Ascaris clinical signs or synmptoms
Pneumonia
Coughing
121
Ascaris diagnosis
NEMATODE
Find eggs in stool, identify worm
122
Hookworms species discussed in class
Ancylostoma
Necator
Uncinaria
123
Ancylostoma regions
Found in tropical areas
124
Uncinaria regions
Cool Climates
125
Ancylostoma in Definitive vs Paratenic Host
Definitive: L3 penetrate skin or is ingested; MIGRATE TO HEART AND LUNGS
Paratenic: L3 ingested by mouse and arrest waiting for definitive host and migrate within the definitive host when ingested
126
Transmammary transmission
In HOOKWORMS
127
Hookworms morphology
- Small, in the order of mm
- Some males are bursate
128
Hookworm pathology
ANEMIA (low RBC count)
129
Ancylostoma vs Uncinaria eggs
Indistiguishable, we just tell the patient they have hookworm
130
L3 Larvae penetrate skin and persist for weeks ... what organism?
Hookworm
131
Human Hookworm Life Cycle contains:
Skin Penetration and migration to heart and lungs; can be passed to fetus
132
In what way would a parasite be considered "effective?"
Host cannot eliminate the parasite before the parasite becomes established
133
In what way would a parasite be considered "ineffective?"
Host is able to prevent establishments and survival of the parasite
134
Innate immunity
Defenses we're born with, has a local effect
135
Adaptive Immunity
Defends against specific pathogens, has memory
136
Premunition
Partial protection against a severe disease due to low level ongoing infection with the same pathogen
137
Innate immunity includes what components?
Phagocytes, NK cells, Fevers
138
What are the two types of T cells? What do they do?
CD4- Helper T Cell
CD8- Destroyer T cell (directly attacks pathogen)
139
Pattern Recogniction Receptors (PRRs) have a cascade of events leading to?
The release of nonspecific antimicrobial peptides
140
What chemical defenses are present in mucous membranes?
Lysozymes and IgA antibodies
141
What are TLRs
Conserved family of receptors in plants and animals that activates innate immunity and initiates adaptive immunity
142
What is the role of TLRs
They recognize foreign material on the pathogen and leads to the expression of antimicrobial peptides
143
PRRs vs TLRs
TLRs are specific family of recpetors falling under the broad category of PRRs
144
Where do monocytes arise?
Bone marrow
145
What pathogens do each of the five leukocytes respond to?
Neutrophils - Bacteria
Lymphocytes - Viruses
Monocytes - Bacteria
Eosinophils - Parasites
Basophils - Allergies
BVBPA
146
Define antigen
A foreign substance that triggers an immune response
147
Describe opsonization
Immune particles coat pathogens to make them stickier and therefore, assisting in phagocytosis
148
Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
NK cells kill a target that has been tagged by antibodies
149
When B cells undergo clonal selection what types of cells can they become and which is more common?
(MORE PLASMA CELLS)Plasma Cells
Memory B Cells
150
What do plasma cells secrete?
Antibodies
151
When are Cytolytic T Lymphocyte (CTL) Responses important?
Organ Transplant rejection and viral infections
152
Name an example of an organism thatt cuases the following pathology: Trauma
ascarids, schistosoma
153
Name an example of an organism thatt cuases the following pathology: Nutrient deficiency
Whipworm (trichuris)
154
Name an example of an organism thatt cuases the following pathology: Toxic Effects
Malaria
155
Name an example of an organism thatt cuases the following pathology: Immune response and pathology
Schistosoma or toxoplasma; parasite gets walled off
156
Onchocera volvulus causes what disease
River blindness
157
What blood cells are involved in the first line of defense?
Neutrophils
158
What is pus composed of?
Necrotic debris and neutrophils
159
What antibody functions in inflammation and allergy response
IgE
160
Hypertrophy
Increase of size of an organ or tissues due to cell enlargement
161
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell numbers (more than normal)
162
Metaplasia
Cells change from one type of cell to another
163
What parasites can cause metaplasia?
Trichinella spiralis, Schistisoma haematobium
164
Neoplasia
Abnormal proliferation of cells after stimulus is removed (tumors)
165
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DHT) Leads to...
Destruction of normal tissue and granuloma formation
166
What is the role of granulomas? What parasites?
The body's attmept to wall of antigenic source and minimize damage
Schistosoma, Toxoplasma
167
Hyperparasitism example in worms
Wolbachia sp.
168
Wolbachia can infect several filarid Nematodes: what disease can they cause
River Blindness
Heartworm
Lymphatic filariasis
169
Wolbachia in worms: which is at fault for disease? How?
Wolbachia is released by dying worms and WSP(wolbachia surface proteins) trigger immune response
170
River Blindess is caused by what parasite? How?
Wolbachia, worms die and release wolbachia near the eye
171
Give an example of something with a low, medium, and high specific gravity. which is best for isolating eggs?
Low - Water
Medium - Sugar or salt solution (BEST)
High - Corn syrup
172
Sheathers sugar
a solution used in the lab that is good for isolating eggs in a floatation
173
What does the specific gravity of the media need to be relative to the eggs
The specific gravity of the media needs to be higher that of the eggs to isolate and float the eggs
174
What can you use to check the specific gravity of a solution
Fluid Hydrometer
175
How does centrification help in the isolation of parasitic eggs
Parasite have a lower specific gravity of the media so theyll float to the top and the debris sinks
176
Modified double centrifugal flotation
Centrifuge twice and resuspend pellet in water
177
What step of a fecal floatation is most important?
Wash debris away and centrifuge
178
What is the primary purpose of the McMaster's technique
Dilute a sample when there is too many eggs present
179
Eimeria in fecal flotation and microscopy? How dangerous is it?
Just because you find eggs in a sample of feces, doesn mean theyre infected because eimeria is highly host specific
180
When would you want to use an acid fast procedure?
Identifying Cryptosporidium
181
What does a psoitve acid fast test look like?
Green under a fluorescent microscope
182
When would you use the baermann technique?
Identification of larval worms
183
When would you use a sedimentation technique? why?
Trematode eggs. they are too heavy to use when doing a float
184
What media does the sedimentation technique use?
Water
185
Pouch is used for what parasite identification?
Trichomonads
186
When would you use a knotts test?
Identification of wuchereria MICROFILARIA
187
What type of sample do you need for a knotts test?
Blood
188
When would you use an Elisa test?
Tick borne diseases
189
Why is the test line further than the control line?
Want to makes sure the reaction gets far enough
190
Squash prep involves what?
Smash a proglottid and observe eggs
191
What is the best test for diagnosing cryptosporidium?
Immunofluorescent assay
192
Best test for diagnosing Giardia
Immunofluorescent assay
193
How fresh should a fecal test be run?
Fresh as possible. Some nematodes could larvae and leave the sample, and some things could also go in
194
What is important to consider when taking a sample for wuchereria. What type of sample would you need to take?
Blood sample, must be taken at the right time to get it in the sample
195
What are the two organisms that have live offspring?
Dracunculus
Wucheria
196
FOR ANY TREMATODE?, what is the best diagnostician technique? What should your sample be?
Urine or stool sample, sedimentation
197
Hookworm Infections in Humans symptoms
Causes tracks where the parasite passed through
(Anemia)
198
Echinoccocus clinical signs
Hydatid Cyst
199
How do humans get infected with Diphyllobothrium?
Ingesting raw fish
200
Schistosoma Haematobium clinical signs?
Bladder issues (HEMATURIA)
201
How could someone get infected with Fasciola hepatica?
Contaminated vegitation
202
Fasciola Hepatic hosts
Snail is the first intermediate host and the definitive hostis the person or animal that eats the contaminated vegitation
203
Hepato-
LIVER
204
What two parasites affects the liver?
Clonorchis and Fasciola
205
Fasciola vs Clonorchis hosts
Fasciola
snail then DH
Clonorchis
snail then FISH then DH
206
Dracunculus taxonomy
Nematode
207
Wuchereria diagnostic test?
Knotts test
208
Lymphatic filariasis is caused by what parasite
Wuchereria
209
Periodicity in Wuchereria
Take blood sample at the right time of day (night?)
210
Nurse cells are a characteristic of what parasite?
Trichinella
211
How is the host infected with trichinella?
Consumption of meat with encysted larvae
212
Ectoparasiticide
Drug used to treat ectoparasites
213
Anthelmintic
Drug used to treat helminths
214
Macrolides
Used to treat BOTH ectoparasites and endoparasites
215
If the parasites in an animal are all resistant, what does that mean for all of its eggs? How do you treat this animal?
All eggs are resistant,
deworm the aminal
216
If the parasites in an animal are BOTH resistant and susceptible, what does that mean for all of its eggs? How do you treat this animal?
There are a mix of both types of eggs,
leave the animal alone (dont deworm)
217
How does parasite resistance come about?
Misdiagnosing and under prescribing treatments, kills off susceptible ones and others continue to grow stronger and become resistant
218
Macrocyclic Lactones
Used for the treatment of helminths and ectoparasites
219
What are the two broad groups of anthelmintics?
Impair metabolism
Causes paralysis
220
Endectocides
Treats endoparasites and ectoparasites
221
What is Conjugate
The antibody that binds to an antigen added in Elisa after the sample is added
222
What makes the conjugate chnage color when doing an ELISA test?
Addition of a substrate
223
What does the Baermann technique look like
A funnel. put sample in and mix with water, larvae leave and we can find them
224
Soil Transmitted helminths
Whipworm
Roundworm
Hookworm
225
Ingestion of raw or undercooked fish is characteristic of what parasite(s)? Taxonomy?
Diphyllobothria (Cestode)
Clonorchis (Trematode)
