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abnormal psychology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

how are fear and anxiety related

A

both emotions

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2
Q

difference between fear and anxiety

A

fear= alarm reaction in response to immediate danger
anxiety= apprehension about possible future danger

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3
Q

why is fear good? what about anxiety?

A

evolutionary- keeps us alive
-preparedness

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4
Q

emotions like fear and anxiety have 3 distinct components what are they

A

physiological response
cognitive symptoms or emotional distress
behavioral

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5
Q

fear activates what main branch of the nervous system

A

sympathetic
fight flight or freeze

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6
Q

what does the parasympathetic system do regarding fear

A

returns body to resting state

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7
Q

what is worry

A

negative expectations about the future that are excessive

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8
Q

what can worry lead to

A

behaviors that are negatively reinforced
checking emails reduces worry temporarily-behavior increases- negative reinforcement

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9
Q

the more you avoid the ___ it becomes. in terms of a graph you would no longer start at

A

bigger, 0

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10
Q

how do we distinguish normal anxiety and abnormal anxiety

A
  • functional impairment
    -developmental age
    -sociodemographic and cultural factors
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11
Q

learning theory of anxiety disorders

A

step 1- acquired by classical conditioning
step 2. maintained by operant conditioning

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12
Q

what is a panic attack

A

discrete period of intense fear and physical arousal

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13
Q

what is panic disorder

A

recurrent unexpected panic attacks and either persistent concern of future attacks or behavior changes related

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14
Q

what is agoraphobia

A

'’fear of the marketplace” avoiding going anywhere
situations where escape might be difficult or unavailable

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15
Q

how would you treat panic disorder

A

panic control treatment (PCT) - learn about cognitive distortions maintaining panic symptoms
medication

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16
Q

what is this? it is characterized by excessive fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

A

specific phobia

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17
Q

what are the four major groups of phobias

A
  1. animals
  2. natural environment
  3. blood-injection
  4. situational
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18
Q

specific phobia treatment

A

exposure therapy- gradual imaginal and or in vivo exposure to the feared stimulus

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19
Q

-excessive fear of social situations that could involve evaluation by others
-developmental trajectory
-fear that others will detect anxiety or will behave in a way that is embarrassing
what are these symptoms of

A

social anxiety disorder

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20
Q

what is the biopsychosocial etiology of social anxiety disorder

A

-associated with a history of criticism/negative social experiences
-decreased sense of control, predictability
-distorted interpretations of events

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21
Q

treatments of social anxiety disorder

A

medications
cognitive behavioral therapy

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22
Q

what is generalized anxiety disorder characterized by

A

excessive anxiety or worry across many different domains
-meta worry
physiological symptoms of anxiety

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23
Q

biopsychosocial factors of generalized anxiety disorder

A

worry reinforces worry
genetic predisposition
sensitive to threat
disruptions in neurotransmitter systems

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24
Q

treatment for GAD

A

medications
cognitive behavioral therapy
acceptance and commitment therapy

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25
what are obsessions
recurrent, persistent, intrusive thoughts
26
what are compulsions
repetitive behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement
27
obsessive compulsive disorder associated features
comorbid with anxiety and depressive disorders equally prevalent by sex age discrepancies moderate heritability increased serotonin sensitivity
28
biological treatment for obsession compulsion disorder
-medication, doesnt go away -psychosurgery, end of road treatment
29
psychological treatment for obsessive compulsion disorder
exposure and response prevention
30
obsessive compulsive related disorders
body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation, hoarding
31
what is the neutral mood
euthymic
32
what is a depressive episode
a period of at least 2 weeks in which at least 5 of following symptoms are present -depressed mood -weight loss or gain -insomnia or hypersomnia psychomotor retardation or agitation -fatigue or loss of energy -inappropriate guilt -concentration difficulties -recurrent suicidal thoughts
33
-experience of a major depressive episode with functional impairment -episodic -no history of mania or hypomania
major depressive disorder
34
what is the most common psychiatric disorder in the US
major depressive disorder
35
what is persistent depressive disorder
-chronically depressed mood that lasts for at least 2 years -usually less severe than MDD - can have periods of MDD + PDD
36
biological etiology of depressive disorders
MDD can run in families dysregulation of HPA axis sleep disturbance and circadian rhythm inconsistent findings for sex differences
37
psychosocial etiology of depressive disorders
stressful life events -psychodynamic theory
38
cognitive behavioral etiology of depressive disorders
behavioral- withdrawal of positive reinforcement cognitive- maladaptive thinking patterns
39
cognitive behavior theory-> negative thoughts and beliefs-> lose out on positive reinforcements
becks cognitive theory
40
what is the hopelessness theory
pessimistic attribution style+negative life events also kind of follows diathesis stress model
41
psychological treatment for depressive disorders
cognitive therapy behavioral activation cognitive behavioral therapy interpersonal therapy
42
biological treatment for depressive disorder
medications, 2nd generation=ssris and snris
43
biological interventions for depressive disorders
electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, bright light therapy
44
what is a suicidal ideation
thoughts of death or suicide
45
passive suicidal ideation
thinking about or wishing to be dead but not "how"
46
active suicidal ideation
thinking about or wishing to be dead and about how they would
47
nonsuicidal self injury
behaviors associated with causing pain/discomfort without intent to die. cutting
48
what is the interpersonal theory of suicide
percieved burdensomeness thwarted belongingness acquired capacity
49
what is a mixed state episode
experiencing symptoms of mania and depression at the same time
50
bipolar 1 disorder versus 2
bipolar 1 is characterized by at least 1 manic episode bipolar 2- at least one one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode
51
what is cyclothymic disorder
fluctuations between hypomania and depressive symptoms - 2 years
52
etiology of bipolar disorders
heavily genetic, neurochemical changes, disturbances in circadian rhythm, diathesis stress model
53
biological treatments of bipolar disorders
lithium, antipsychotics, antidepressants
54
psychological treatment of bipolar disorders
interpersonal and social rhythm therapy -routines, interpersonal relationships
55
somatic symptom disorders
of or relating to the body, medically unexplained
56
excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to somatic symptoms or associated with health concerns as manifested by
persistent thoughts about the seriousness of symptoms
57
high functional impairment, high health care utilization and unnecessary medical procedures, more commonly diagnosed in women is what
somatic symptom disorder
58
treatment of somatic symptom disorder
medical management, cognitive behavioral treatment
59
etiology of somatic symptom disorder
learning history, misinterpreted bodily sensations
60
illness anxiety disorder aka hypochondriasis
excessive preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness
61
reinforcement in illness anxiety disorder
primary gain- internal motivators secondary gain- getting out of work malingering- intentional to get/avoid something
62
conversion disorder
symptoms of altered motor or sensory dysfunction not attibutable to a medical condition or physical cause
63
person makes themself sick but unaware of why they are making themself sick
imposed on self fictitious disorder
64
what disorders have secondary gain for the symptoms or being perceived by others as being ill
conversion, factitious
65
what is dissociation
disruption in normal processes of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior
66
inability to access information or control mental functions normally
dissociation
67
5 types of dissociation
deperosnalization, derealization, amnesia, identity confusion, identity alteration
68
feeling like you are standing next to yourself or watching yourself do something as if you were looking at another person
depersonalization
69
feeling that other people, objects, or the world around you is not real
derealization
70
dissociative fugue
purposeful or bewildered wandering associated with identity amnesia
71
dissociative amnesia
inability to recall memory of self information, inconsistent with normal forgetting
72
dissociative identity disorder
disruption of identity charcterized by 2 or more distinct personality states and recurrent gaps in memory
73
sociocognitive theory of dissociative identity disorder
patient highly suggestible and adapts to reinforcement
74
treatment of dissociative disorders
clears up on its own, no empirically supported
75
what is pica
eating compulsively non nutritious things
76
what is rumination disorder
does not consume- chew chew spit it out
77
what is avoidant/ restrictive food intake disorder
adverse reactions to foods, couple of safe foods
78
anorexia nervosa
intense fear of gaining weight, malnourished
79
what has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder
anorexia nervosa
80
difference between restrictive and binge eating anorexia nervosa
restrictive- not eating binge- innapropriate compensatory behvaiors
81
what is a binge episode
associated with loss of control- intentionally an amount that is definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances
82
in bulimia nervosa innapropriate compensatory behaviors are what
negative reinforcement to prevent weight gain
83
bulimia nervosa is characterized by what
recurrent episodes of binge eating with inappropriate compensatory behaviors
84
associated personality characteristics with bulimia nervosa
perfectionism, high impulsivity, rigid and obsessive
85
bulimia nervosa vs binge/ purge anorexia nervosa
anorexia nervosa= below bmi
86
binge eating disorder
characterized by regular binge eating behaviors, without compensatory behaviors
87
biological etiology of eating disorder
hypothalamus, stress, dysregulation of neurotransmitter, genetics
88
psychological etiology of eating disorder
family models, cognitive behavioral, sociocultural, psychodynamic
89
treatment of eating disorders
normalize and stabilize eating behavior and weight -cbt -interpersonal psychotherapy
90
anorexia nervosa treatment
psychotheraoy, nutrition, medical observation, medication if comorbid

abnormal psychology (5 decks)

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