Exam 2

Question 1

Which type of organism has an open circulatory system?
a. Polychaete worm
b. octopus
c. scallop
d. Sea anemone

Answer 1

C. Scallop

Question 2

Which organism exhibits radial symmetry
a. coral
b. sponge
c. polychaete
d. clam

Answer 2

coral

Question 3

What type of bivalve cements itself to the seafloor forming reefs?
a. clam
b.mussel
c. scallop
d. oyster

Answer 3

oyster

Question 4

which type of worm is not a member of phylum annelida
a. earthworm
b. roundworms
c. polychaetes
d. leaches

Answer 4

roundworms

Question 5

What is the difference between filter feeding and passive suspension feeding?
A. passive suspension feeders consume larger species of plankton
b. filters feeders consume larger species of plankton
c. passive suspension feeders eat organic matter found in sediments that they burrow through
d. filter feeders generate currents to increase the amount of water they can process

Answer 5

D. filter feeders generate currents to increase the amount of water that they can process

Question 6

What is NOT a life style exhibited by some polychaete worms
a. Epifaunal carnivore
b. Pelagic predators that consume nekton
c. deep-sea tube worms that host chemosynthetic bacteria
d. burrowing deposit feeders

Answer 6

b. Pelagic predators that consume nekton

Question 7

What is NOT a common characteristic of a gastropod?
a. Enlarged thickened mantle
b. A muscular foot used for crawling
c. radula used to graze on algae
d. single shell that is often coiled

Answer 7

A. enlarged, thickened mantle

Question 8

What is NOT a type of cell found in a sponge
a. amebocyte
b. collar cell
c. porocyte
d. nematocyst

Answer 8

D. Nematocyst

Question 9

Which habitat has the lowest amount of net primary production

A. Salt mash
B. Kelp forest
C. Open Ocean
D. Seagrass bed

Answer 9

C. Open Ocean

Question 10

Which characteristics on invertebrate evolved last?
A. Bilateral symmetry
B. Coeloms
C. True Tissues
D. Radial symmetry

Answer 10

B. Coeloms

Question 11

kelp are a member of this phylum

Answer 11

Phaeophyta

Question 12

the only invertebrate phylum where organisms do not have true tissues

Answer 12

Porifera

Question 13

Bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods are all classes that belong to this phylum

Answer 13

Mollusca

Question 14

What phylum do round worms belong to

Answer 14

Nematoda

Question 15

Corals and jellyfish are examples of this diploblastic phylum

Answer 15

Cnidaria

Question 16

what phylum have segmented worms that usually have parapodia

Answer 16

annelida

Question 17

What phylum has ribbon worms that have a round, unsegmented body and a proboscis used to capture prey

Answer 17

Nemertea

Question 18

What phylum have flatworms that can be either free-living or parasitic

Answer 18

Platyhelminthes

Question 19

Organisms with radial, indeterminate cleavage where blastopore develops into the anus

Answer 19

Deuterostome echinoderms and chordates

Question 20

An algal extract found in many processed foods

Answer 20

Carregeenan

Question 21

Both sponges and clams use this feeding mode to consume phytoplankton and organic matter found in the water column

Answer 21

suspension feeding

Question 22

Forest form of these partially submerged, salt-tolerant plants that grow in tropical and subtropical climates

Answer 22

Mangrove

Question 23

A tissue layer found in molluscs that is used to secrete their shell

Answer 23

mantle

Question 24

A fluid-filled cavity that contains the organs in many animals

Answer 24

coelom

Question 25

A common salt marsh grass found on the east coast of the US

Answer 25

Spartina

Question 26

Cells that octopuses and squid contract to change their colors

Answer 26

chromatphores

Question 27

Spiny structures found in sponges that provide structural support

Answer 27

Spicules

Question 28

The body of a snail twist following the spiral shape of its shell

Answer 28

Torsion

Question 29

Snails and nudibranchs belong to this class

Answer 29

Gastropod

Question 30

Organisms that are part of the plankton for their entire life cycle

Answer 30

holoplankton

Question 31

comb jellies use these eight tows of cilia to move

Answer 31

Ctene

Question 32

A type of parasitic flatworm. these are also called trematodes

Answer 32

Fluke

Question 33

The central opening in a sponge from which water exits

Answer 33

Osculum

Question 34

A type of bivalve that is capable of swimming short distances by clapping together its shells

Answer 34

Scallops

Question 35

A stage in the life cycle of marine algae where it only has one set of chromosomes. In other words, this is the haploid stage of the algae's life cycle.

Answer 35

gametophyte

Question 36

Corals and anemones belong to this class or organisms

Answer 36

Anthozoa

Question 37

Molluscs with a set of eight overlapping shells

Answer 37

chiton

Question 38

Stinging cells found in jellyfishes and coral

Answer 38

cnidocyte

Question 39

A deep-sea orgnism that has some characteristics of octopuses and some characteristics of squid

Answer 39

Vampire squid

Question 40

Red algae

Answer 40

Rhodophyta

Question 41

An animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore spiral, determinate cleavage, mollusk, annelids, arthopods

Answer 41

Protostome

Question 42

Release millions of gametes into the water and hope they find each other

Answer 42

Broadcast spawning

Question 43

All organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currents

Answer 43

Nekton

Question 44

An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouth

Answer 44

Radula

Question 45

A process in which an animal engulf sediments indiscriminately and processes them through its digestive tract to extract nourishment

Answer 45

Deposit feeding

Question 46

Polyp(mouth and tentacles up) Medusa( mouth and tentacles down)

Answer 46

Form of Cnidarians

Question 47

What are the three layers of cells in a triploblastic organism

Answer 47

Endoderm, Mesoderm, and ectoderm

Question 48

Jellyfish are reported to be increasing in abundance in many ecosystems. What are some hypothesis discussed in class to why this change is occurring? How might the increased abundance of jellyfish impact other organisms in marine ecosystems?

Answer 48

Overfishing reduces predators and competitors of jellyfish. Climate change increase water temperature, favoring jellyfish reproduction. Eutrophication Coastal development Impact on Marine ecosystems: This can cause increased predation, clogging of fishing nets

Question 49

Discuss three examples of characteristics that certain groups of mollusks lack

Answer 49

Soft-bodied bilateral symmetry A Mantle

Question 50

If you were able to follow up on the research performed by Mehta et al (2020) what hypothesis would you test? How would you go about testing this hypothesis

Answer 50

I might test how different environmental facter influence feeding efficiency I would conduct field and lab studies manipulating variables like temperature, prey availablity or light conditions

Question 51

Discuss what it means to be a polyphyletic group. Describe why these 5 phyla may be superficially similar to each other and how they may be different from each other.

Answer 51

The similarities to this: Elongated bodies adapted for burrowing or swimming The differences are that some have unsegmented and segmented bodies

Question 52

Come up with a plan on how to mitigate the impacts of a new hotel being built in coastal North Carolina close to an area with such seagrass beds and salt marshes A) The ecological roles played by seagrass bed and salt marshes B) The current- day threats to these ecosystem at a national of international scale

Answer 52

A). Provide habitat and nursery grounds for marine life stabilize sediment and prevent erosion improve water quality by filtering pollutants B) Coastal development, pollution, and habitat destruction Climate change boat propeller scars and dredging

Question 53

What is the paradox of the plankton How has this paradox been resolved

Answer 53

The paradox is that many plankton species coexist despite competition for similar resources Resolution: Environmental fluctuation Niche differentiation Predator-prey dynamics An example of this would be a seasonal mixing in oceans alters nutrient availability, allowing different species to thrive at different times

Question 54

What factors would you need to consider and examine to a answer the lifeguard question assume that you have many tools at your disposal as possible How might this bloom impact the ecosystem

Answer 54

The factors that need to be consider is nutrients, water temp, and ocean currents Ecosystem impact include. Oxygen depletion leading to dead zones. toxin production harmful to marine life and humans Disruptions to food chains

Question 55

What is broadcast spawning What are some examples of organisms that engage in broadcast spawning Describe two examples of invertebrates that engage in other modes of preproduction beyond broadcast spawning

Answer 55

Broadcast spawning: Release of eggs and sperm into the water for external fertilization Examples of this is: Corals, Sea urchins, clams Other reproductive modes is Brooding: Protecting embryo's inside the body or attached structure Parthenogenesis: asexual reproduction with fertilization

Question 56

Name three groups of carnivorous invertebrates that we have discussed in class, describe their diet and discuss their adaptation to a carnivorous life style

Answer 56

Cephalopods Diets: fish, crustaceans, mollusk Adaptations: Beak-like jaws, tentacles and with suckers Cnidarians Diets: Small fish, zooplankton, crustaceans adaptations: Tentacles, slow digestion, stinging cells Echinoderms Diets: Bivalves, detritus Adaptation: Tube feet with suction, regeneration

Question 57

Describe the evolutionary history of invertebrate phyla in terms of the development of tissues and organs, changes in body symmetry, and developmental biology. Provide examples of the phyla that first evolved these traits.

Answer 57

Development of tissues and organs: Sponges, Cnidaria, Mollusca Change in body symmetry Radial symmetry( Cnidaria, echinodermata) Bilateral Symmetry ( arthropoda) Developmental biology: protostomes vs deuterostomes