Exam 2

Question 1

Early Childhood is what ages?

Answer 1

2-6

Question 2

Physical changes in early childhood:

Answer 2

Girls have more fatty tissue, boys have more muscle tissue

Question 3

What is Piaget’s 2nd Stage? Ages?

Answer 3

Preoperational stage; ages 2-7

Question 4

Examples of Piaget’s 2nd Stage:

Answer 4

Children don’t perform operations-reversible mental actions yet; able to mentally represent an object that is not present; children engage in pretend play

Question 5

Limitations from Piaget’s 2nd Stage:

Answer 5

Egocentrism and animism; conservation and centration

Question 6

inability to distinguish one’s own perspective from someone else’s

Answer 6

egocentrism

Question 7

belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

Answer 7

animism

Question 8

Altering a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties

Answer 8

conservation

Question 9

Centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

Answer 9

centration

Question 10

Piaget and Vygotsky are both?

Answer 10

cognitive

Question 11

Vygotsky’s social constructivist approach

Answer 11

Construction of knowledge through social interaction

Question 12

Zone of Proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 12

Range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance

Question 13

Scaffolding

Answer 13

Adults provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed; Adults withdraw support as children advance

Question 14

Theory of Mind

Answer 14

Awareness of the presence and distinction of one’s own mental process and the mental processes of others

Question 15

Erik Erikson 3 main points:

Answer 15

• 8 Psychosocial stages
• Lifelong development
• Each stage has a developmental challenge

Question 16

Erikson Stage 3:

Answer 16

Initiative Vs Guilt (3-6 years)

Question 17

Initiative

Answer 17

• Desire to act independently of parents and become autonomous.
• Children will explore and play with everything in their environment.
• Exploring their social world through conversation and playing games.

Question 18

Guilt

Answer 18

Unintended consequences resulting in shame and self-doubt

Question 19

gender identity

Answer 19

sense of being male or female

Question 20

gender roles

Answer 20

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel

Question 21

social role theory

Answer 21

Gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men.

Question 22

Social hierarchy and division of labor are important:

Answer 22

In most cultures, women have less power and status than men

Question 23

Social cognitive theory

Answer 23

Children’s gender development occurs through observation and imitation of what other people say and do

Question 24

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 24

Restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort

Question 25

Authoritative parenting

Answer 25

Encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions

Question 26

Neglectful parenting

Answer 26

* The parent is uninvolved in the child’s life * Show no responsiveness and no control

Question 27

indulgent parenting

Answer 27

Parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them

Question 28

Types of child maltreatment

Answer 28

* Physical abuse * Child neglect * Sexual abuse * Emotional abuse

Question 29

Are children better adjusted in intact, never-divorced families than in divorced families?

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

Middle and Late Childhood ages:

Answer 30

8-12

Question 31

Body Growth and Change:

Answer 31

* Grow an average of 2–3 inches per year * Gain an average of 5–7 pounds a year

Question 32

Learning Disability

Answer 32

often a problem related to reading

Question 33

Piaget

Answer 33

* Cognitive development * 4 stages * Changes in thinking * Limitations in thinkin

Question 34

Piaget's 3rd Stage:

Answer 34

Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7-11)

Question 35

3rd Stage aspect:

Answer 35

conservation develops

Question 36

Gardner's 8 frames of mind:

Answer 36

* Verbal * Mathematical * Spatial * Bodily-kinesthetic *Musical * Interpersonal * Intrapersonal * Naturalist

Question 37

Self-esteem

Answer 37

Global evaluations of the self

Question 38

Self-concept

Answer 38

Domain-specific evaluations of the self

Question 39

Erik Erikson's 4th Stage:

Answer 39

Industry versus inferiority (6 to 12 years old)

Question 40

Inferiority

Answer 40

Parents who see their children’s efforts as “mischief” or “making a mess” may encourage inferiority

Question 41

Kohlberg: 3 levels of Moral Development

Answer 41

* Preconventional: -Children interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments. * Conventional: -Individuals apply certain standards, set by others, such as parents. * Postconventional: -The person recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code. -Moral reasoning is based on their own, internal ideas of what is right and wrong.

Question 42

Co-regulation

Answer 42

Some control is transferred from parent to child