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Biochem II > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Glycolysis and Glyconeogenesis (66 cards)

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1
Q

Glucose to Glucose 6-P (enzyme)

A

hexokinase

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2
Q

Glucose 6-P to Fructose 6-P (enzyme)

A

phosphohexose isomerase

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3
Q

Fructose 6-P to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (enzyme)

A

phosphofructose kinase

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4
Q

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to G3P and DHAP (enzyme)

A

aldolase

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5
Q

DHAP to G3P (enzyme)

A

isomerase

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6
Q

G3P to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) [enzyme]

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase

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7
Q

BPG to 3PG (enzyme)

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

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8
Q

3PG to 2PG (enzyme)

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

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9
Q

2PG to phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) [enzyme]

A

enolase

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10
Q

PEP to pyruvate (enzyme)

A

pyruvate kinase

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11
Q

pyruvate to oxaloacetate (enzyme)

A

pyruvate carboxylase

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12
Q

Oxaloacetate to PEP (enzyme)

A

PEP carboxykinase

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13
Q

fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate (enzyme)

A

fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase

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14
Q

What reactants are in the Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate reaction

A

CO2 and ATP

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15
Q

What is used in the oxaloacetate to PEP reaction (not the enzyme)

A

GTP

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16
Q

What is used in the Fru-1,6-P to Fru-6-P reaction (not the enzyme)

A

water (takes off a phosphate)

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17
Q

What is used in the Glu-6-P to Glucose reaction (not the enzyme)

A

Water (takes off a phosphate)

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18
Q

glu-6-p to glucose (enzyme)

A

glucose-6-phosphatase

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19
Q

name for the glucose to pyruvate pathway

A

glycolysis

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20
Q

name for the pyruvate to glucose pathway

A

gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

glycolysis results in the formation of what?

A

2 pyruvate, net 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

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22
Q

fructose (from sucrose) is converted into what in the glycolysis pathway? [as a feeder pathway]

A

Fru-6-P

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23
Q

galactose (from lactose) is converted into what in the glycolysis pathway? [as a feeder pathway]

A

gal-1-P then epimerized into Glu-1-P

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24
Q

maltose is comprised of what monosaccharides?

A

glucose and glucose

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25
lactose is comprised of what monosaccharides?
glucose and galactose
26
sucrose is comprised of what monosaccharides?
fructose and glucose
27
What steps of the payoff phase (from glycolysis result in the formation of ATP)
2 (step 7 of glycolysis) and 5 (step 10 of glycolysis)
28
Fermentation occurs in low or high oxygen conditions?
low oxygen conditions
29
What is Hypoxia and where does it occur?
It happens in muscles (and plant tissues) when they use Oxygen faster than they are getting it
30
How do we reoxidize NADH into NAD+
fermentation
31
explain lactic acid fermentation?
pyruvate is converted into L-lactate and results in the formation of NAD+
32
what enzyme is used in lactic acid fermentation?
lactate dehydrogenase
33
Explain the step(s) of ethanol fermentation
Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde (results in CO2 formation) then, acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol (forming NAD+)
34
what is the enzyme used in the first step of ethanol fermentation (pyruvate to acetaldehyde)
pyruvate carboxylase
35
what enzyme is used in the second step of ethanol fermentation (acetaldehyde to ethanol)
alcohol dehydrogenase
36
What steps of glycolysis are "irreversible" and require bypass reactions during gluconeogenesis?
steps 1, 3, and 10 of glycolysis
37
What step is does a REDOX reaction occur within glycolysis
step 6 (G3P to BPG)
38
where does glycolysis occur in the cell
cytoplasm
39
Is the Cori Cycle efficient
No, requires more ATP to regenerate glucose than is produced from glycolysis
40
How many ATP are required for gluconeogenesis?
6 ATP
41
How many ATP are required for glycolysis?
2 ATP
42
Where does the Cori Cycle occur in the body?
The liver, blood, and muscles (forward and reversed)
43
How is the Cori Cycle regulated?
by the availability/need of oxygen, NAD+ , and glycolysis.
44
What GLUT is used to transport glucose into the blood from the liver
GLUT 2
45
What GLUT is used to transport glucose from the blood into muscle?
GLUT 4
46
what type of enzyme is used to break down glycogen into glucose
phosphorylases
47
define what feeder pathways are for glycolysis
strategy for using other carbohydrates and converting them into glucose and other intermediates
48
What are GLUT proteins
transporter of glucose; provide a route for glucose to cross a membrane
49
the glucose binding site of GLUT can be described as... (characteristics of enzymes)
stereospecific and saturable
50
What are the polarities of a transporter protein (outside and inside)
outside = non-polar (in contact with membrane) inside = polar channel
51
Division of labor: liver cells are usually responsible for...
making glucose for blood gluconeogenesis >>glycolysis
52
Division of labor: muscle cells are usually responsible for...
consuming glucose glycolysis >>> gluconeogenesis
53
Within biosynthesis, glycogen breakdown uses what molecules as an input of energy
UTP (equivalent to ATP)
54
when storing energy glucose is being...
converted into glycogen
55
when energy is being produce glucose is being...
used for glycolysis or going into the blood to feed other tissues
56
when [glu] is high what enzyme is being used in metabolic regulation
glycogen synthase
57
when [glu] is low what enzyme is being used in metabolic regulation
glucose phosphorylase
58
what are the master regulators (hormones) discussed in class [for glucose metabolism]
Insulin, Glucagon, and Epinephrine (adrenaline)
59
Insulin is used as a regulator to signal when [glu] levels are...
high
60
Glucagon is used as a regulator to signal when [glu] levels are...
low
61
Epinephrine (or Adrenaline) is used as a regulator when...
there is an anticipated need for glucose
62
Discuss how rapid signaling works
a hormone binds with a receptor within the membrane signaling an activation of kinase = PKA
63
Kinase Cascade
the key for rapid amplification for a signal throughout a body
64
give an example of a kinase cascade
1 PKA --> 3 kinase A --> 3 kinase B results in total of 9 kinase B
65
Describe why a futile cycle is wasteful
its just using up energy and its just going in a circle constantly making something just to break it down
66
Describe the physical situation that fermentation addresses
low oxygen concentration

Biochem II (3 decks)

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