Exam 2

Question 1

sensation vs perception

Answer 1

sensation: transduction of energy into electrochemical energy

perception: brains best guess of what’s going on (after transduction)

Question 2

center on and center off cells

Answer 2

associated with edge detection

Question 3

how do you activate center off cells

Answer 3

shine light in the periphery
- opposite for center on

Question 4

rods vs cones

Answer 4

rods: detecting low levels of light

cones: high acuity and color vision

Question 5

what is located in the fovea

Answer 5

cones

Question 6

what is the blind spot

Answer 6

where the optic nerve is exiting

Question 7

what forms the optic nerve

Answer 7

axons of ganglion cells

Question 8

where do the ganglion cells terminate?

Answer 8

lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus

Question 9

what is cross over?

Answer 9

left visual field is crossing over to the right hemisphere but some goes to the left hemisphere

Question 10

what are the two reasons for high acuity in the fovea?

Answer 10

less layers
one photoreceptor is stimulating only one ganglion cell

Question 11

opponent process

Answer 11

flag example; green strips turned to red ones

Question 12

what are complex cells

Answer 12

respond to orientation and direction of movement

Question 13

function of blobs

Answer 13

processing color

Question 14

where does pupillary responses go to

Answer 14

pretectum

Question 15

what is focused on the peripheral visual field?

Answer 15

superior colliculus

Question 16

superior colliculus

Answer 16

seven layers, receive visual input, audition, and somatosensory input

Question 17

how many layers are in the lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 17

six; 1-2 are magnocellular (large receptive fields) 3-6 are parvocellular

Question 18

blind sight

Answer 18

damage to V1

Question 19

dorsal vs ventral

Answer 19

dorsal: where or the how stream

ventral: what stream

Question 20

direct pathway

Answer 20

no subthalamic nucleus

Question 21

indirect pathway

Answer 21

globus pallidus to suthalamic nucleus to globus pallidus again

Question 22

hyper direct pathway

Answer 22

pre SMA to subthalamic nucleus to globus pallidus to thalamus

Question 23

pre SMA

Answer 23

the urge to move

Question 24

where were mirror neurons first disocered

Answer 24

premotor area (F5); used for mimicry

Question 25

ventral motor cortex

Answer 25

allows you to respond with a specific movement to a visual cue

Question 26

anterior intraparietal sulcus (dorsal stream)

Answer 26

become the how pathway, grasping objects

Question 27

three key motor nuclei

Answer 27

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

Question 28

output of basal ganlia

Answer 28

to the primary motor cortex

Question 29

three functions of basal ganglia

Answer 29

initiating movement inhibiting movement modulating movement

Question 30

what part of parkinson's disease is being targeting in treatment

Answer 30

substantia not the tegmental area

Question 31

most important factor for determining it get into the bloodstream

Answer 31

lipid solubility

Question 32

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 32

GABA

Question 33

primary excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 33

glutamate

Question 34

what kind of effect does benzodiazepine have

Answer 34

calms them down, enhance gaba receptors

Question 35

agonist vs antagonist

Answer 35

agonist: creating more to be released into the synaptic cleft antagonist is the opposite

Question 36

antagonist on vesicle transporter

Answer 36

keeps the transporter from bringing a transmitter into the vesicle, less being released into the synaptic cleft

Question 37

indirect vs direct antagonist/agonist

Answer 37

indirect: binds to a different place on the receptor from the drug direct: binds to where the drug would bind

Question 38

what effect when you stimulate an autoreceptor

Answer 38

antagonist effect

Question 39

serotonin

Answer 39

mood regulation, eating, sleeping etc

Question 40

NMDA

Answer 40

ionotropic receptors, both sodium and calcium channels

Question 41

what kind of neurotransmitter binds to MDMA + kind of channel

Answer 41

glutamate; voltage and transmitter gated channel