Exam 2

Question 1

What are the primary functions of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

delivery of oxygen (O2) and energy substrates (nutrients)
* removal of CO2 and other metabolic waste products
* transportation of hormones and other molecules
* thermoregulation
* body fluid balance
* maintain acid-base balance

Question 2

What is the blood flow direction in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 2

The heart is unidirectional with four valves that prevent backflow.

Question 3

What are the two sides of the heart responsible for?

Answer 3

Left side = systemic circulation
* Right side = pulmonary circulation

Question 4

What do arteries do?

Answer 4

carry blood away from the heart

Question 5

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 5

deliver oxygen to metabolizing tissues and CO2 to the lungs

Question 6

What do veins do?

Answer 6

carry blood back to the heart

Question 7

What is the role of the right atrium?

Answer 7

accepts deoxygenated blood from the coronary sinus, superior vena cava, and inferior vena cava

Question 8

What prevents backflow into the right atrium during ventricular contraction?

Answer 8

Right atrioventricular valve

Question 9

What happens during right ventricle contraction?

Answer 9

sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 10

What does the left atrium do?

Answer 10

accepts O2-rich blood from the pulmonary veins

Question 11

What occurs when the left ventricle contracts?

Answer 11

sends blood to the body systems through the aortic semilunar valve

Question 12

What are the phases of cardiac function?

Answer 12

Contraction phase (systole)
* Relaxation phase (diastole)

Question 13

What is systolic blood pressure?

Answer 13

pressure when the heart contracts

Question 14

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Answer 14

pressure when the heart relaxes

Question 15

How is heart rate defined?

Answer 15

beats per minute

Question 16

What is stroke volume?

Answer 16

mL of blood ejected with each beat

Question 17

What does ejection fraction represent?

Answer 17

the % of ventricular volume ejected with each heartbeat

Question 18

What is the normal ejection fraction range?

Answer 18

55-60%

Question 19

How is cardiac output calculated?

Answer 19

Cardiac Output (CO, or Q) = HR X SV

Question 20

What is the average blood volume in an adult?

Answer 20

5L

Question 21

What happens to blood volume after starting exercise?

Answer 21

expands within 10 days

Question 22

What are the components of blood volume?

Answer 22

Plasma 55% (primarily water)
* Formed elements 45% (primarily erythrocytes/red blood cells)

Question 23

What is the average resting heart rate for adults?

Answer 23

70-72 bpm

Question 24

What is the equation for predicting maximal heart rate?

Answer 24

MHR = 220 - age

Question 25

What does steady state heart rate indicate?

Answer 25

the plateau in HR reached during a set workload

Question 26

What is cardiovascular drift?

Answer 26

alterations in cardiovascular variables over time with exercise

Question 27

What happens to stroke volume during exercise?

Answer 27

increases with work, then levels off

Question 28

What are two primary reasons for increased stroke volume during exercise?

Answer 28

* Ventricles enlarge (distensibility) * Ventricles contract more powerfully (increase in EF)

Question 29

What is the typical blood pressure response to exercise?

Answer 29

Systolic BP increases linearly with exercise; Diastolic BP usually does not change

Question 30

How is blood flow distributed at rest compared to exercise?

Answer 30

Rest: 60% viscera; Exercise: muscle (60-80%)

Question 31

What causes vasodilation during exercise?

Answer 31

increased blood flow to skeletal muscles

Question 32

What is hemoglobin's role in red blood cells?

Answer 32

binds O2 and carries it in the blood

Question 33

What is the oxygen carrying capacity of blood?

Answer 33

20mL O2 for 100 mL blood

Question 34

What happens to blood distribution during exercise?

Answer 34

increased blood flow to muscles and decreased to viscera