Exam 2 Flashcards by Monique Aguilar

Name and Describe the 3 types of muscle tissue. Similarities and differences. Where can you find each in the body?

Smooth: Involuntary slow contractions mitosis

Skeletal: Voluntary unable to divide thermoregulation

Cardiac: Involuntary
no mitosis no regeneration
Skeletal and Cardiac: Striations

Smooth and Cardiac: 1 Central Nucleus

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How does the histology of cardiac and smooth muscle differ from that of skeletal muscle? How are they similiar?

Cardiac and Smooth: 1 Central Nucleus

Cardiac and Skeletal: striations

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How does skeletal muscle help with thermoregulation? What kind of muscles are sphincters made of? What is the difference between internal and external sphincters?

Shivering: muscles contract and give off heat

Sphincter: Smooth or skeletal

Internal: expand smooth muscle have no control

External: skeletal muscle control

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Where are the locations we find smooth muscle and what is its functions?

GI Tract: push food

Respiratory: Control air flow

Blood Vessel Wall: control blood flow

Surrounds Glands: control secretion

Uterus: expand and contractions

Bladder: expand push out urine

Involuntary sphincters: control exit of substances from body or organs

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What are epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium? Describe their arrangement around the muscle fibers

Connective Tissue coverings/sheaths

Epimysium: covers whole muscle

Perimysium: covers muscle fascicle: bundle of muscle fibers

Endomysium: covering of muscle fibers

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Describe the microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle
What proteins are found in skeletal muscle filaments?
What does the A H and I band represent?

Lots of peripheral nuclei and striations

Thick filaments: myosin
Thin Filaments: actin

A:thick filament length
H: only thick
I: only thin

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What is the neuromuscular junction? What is its purpose? Which organelle in a muscle fiber plays a critical role in muscle contraction? How?

Where motor neuron meets up with skeletal muscle fiber

Contract muscle

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: releases CA2 causes contraction

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What is Rigor Mortis? How does it occur?

Stiffening of muscle after death

All calcium released causing muscle contraction

No ATP to detach myosin head from actin

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What is a motor unit? How does a large motor unit differ from a small motor unit?

Motor neuron and the fibers it controls

Smaller: finer control think fingers

Larger: grosser movements less control think quads

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Name the 3 types of muscle fibers and describe their characteristics?

Fast:anaerobic contrast and fatigue rapidly

Slow: aerobic slow contraction and fatigue

Intermediate: in btwn

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Can muscle regenerate?

Cardiac: no
Skeletal: some abilities
Smooth: yes mitosis

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What anatomical structures make up the central nervous system?

What anatomical structures make up the peripheral nervous system?

CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord

PNS: Rest of the nerves

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Name the 2 divisions of the PNS and their subcategories.

Autonomic/ Visceral/ Involuntary: smooth,cardiac, glands

Somatic/Motor/Voluntary:
skeletal muscle
Broken down into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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What does it mean for nerves to be afferent or efferent? Sensory or Motor? Somatic or Visceral?

Afferent: sensory nerves arriving to the brain

Efferent: motor nerves exiting the brain

Somatic: motor neurons controlling skin muscles
bone and joint

Visceral: sensory controlling internal organs

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What are the 5 types of neuroglia? What is their overall function?

Oligodendrocytes: Myelinate multiple axons in the CNS

Schwann Cells: myelinate individual axons in PNS

Ependymal Cells: produce and circulate CSF in CNS

Microglia: immune cells macrophage eliminate debris infection and dying cells

Astrocytes: maintain BBB neuron connections, maintain environment around neurons

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Describe the various functions of astrocytes? What is the blood brain barrier?

Help form BBB
Maintain environment around neurons
Facilitate neuron connections

BBB: prevents substances from blood from getting to CNS
only glucose O2 and some medicinal drugs

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Which cells help produce and circulate CSF? What about these cells allow them to circulate the CSF?

Ependymal Cells

CILIA

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What are the cells responsible for phagocytosis in nervous tissue? What might an abundance or cluster indicate?

Microglia

indicates injury or inflammation

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What is myelin? What is it composed of? What cells provide the myelin? Where are each of these cells found?

Myelin: Fat that increases conduction of AP

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

Oligodendrocytes: CNS
Schwann: PNS

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What is a node of Ranvier, and what is its purpose? What is Multiple Sclerosis and how does it relate to myelin? Guillan-Barre Syndrome

Node of Ranvier: gaps between myelin that lets AP jump faster
SALTATORY CONDUCTION

Multiple Sclerosis: Demyelinating autoimmune disease in CNS

Guillan-Barre: demyelinating disease in PNS can be temporary

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True or False
A somatic motor neuron controls smooth and cardiac muscle

False
Control skeletal muscle

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True or False
Visceral sensory nerves receive information from internal organs

True

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The __________ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands

Visceral

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Describe the gross features of the spinal cord. Why is the spinal cord enlarged in the cervical and lumbar areas? Describe the meninges, what they are, composition, and location around spinal cord. What is the epidural space? Subarachnoid space?

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Describe the position of the spinal cord in relation to the vertebrae. Where does the spinal cord end? Where is a lumbar puncture usually done? Why is this location chosen?

Located within vertebrae column Spinal cord ends 2nd Lumbar Vertebrae Cauda Equina: needle maneuvers around nerves

Which nerve is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome? Describe what is means to hit your funny bone? Why is the phrenic nerve especially important?

Medial Nerve Hitting exposed ulnar nerve innervates diaphragm which controls breathing

The gray matter of the spinal cord is functionally divided? Where are the sensory regions locating in the gray matter of the spinal cord? The motor regions?

Sensory Regions: Posterior part of brain Motor Regions: located in the Anterior part of brain

Where are the somatic motor neurons found in the spinal cord? Where are the motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system found in the gray matter of the spinal cord?

Anterior horn Lateral horn

What does the gray matter of the spinal cord contain? What does the white matter of the spinal cord contain?

Soma cell bodies Axon Terminals

How many spinal nerves are there? How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves are there? What is the cauda equina?

31 Cervical: 8 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacral: 5 Coccygeal: 1

Anterior roots are primarily composed of the axons of motor or sensory nerves? What are the posterior roots composed of? What is a posterior root ganglion composed of?

Motor Sensory nerves Sensory cells bodies

What are the anterior and posterior rami? What areas of the body do they supply?

Large branches of spinal nerves Anterior Rami: supplies front of body Posterior rami: supplies back of body

Describe the connective tissue coverings around a nerve?

Epineurium: entire nerve Perineurium: Nerve fascicle Endoneurium: Nerve Fiber

Describe each of the plexuses. Know the major peripheral nerves of each plexus and the spinal nerves that contribute to each?

Cervical: C1-C5 peripheral: phrenic innervates diaphragm controls breathing Thoracic: C5-T1 peripheral nerve: musculocutaneous, axillary, median, radial, ulnar innervates: skin muscles and upper limbs Lumbar: T12 L1-L4 Peripheral nerve: femoral nerve innervates: anterior compartment of thigh Sacral: L4-L5, S1-S4 peripheral nerve: sciatic innervates: posterior compartment of thigh and all lower limbs

What are the meninges? Name each layer. The subarachnoid space is found between what 2 layers of the meninges. What is the falx cerebri and where is it found? What is the tentorium cerebelli and where is it found?

Layers of connective tissue surrounding spinal cord Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Arachnoid and Pia Falx cerebri: separates right and left cerebral hemispheres found in dura mater Tentorium cerebelli: separates cerebrum and cerebellum found in dura mater

What are the ventricles of the brain? Name each of them and how they are connected to each other and the subarachnoid space.

Where is the CSF made? Where is it found in the CNS? What is the purpose of the CSF? Describe the circulation of CSF from the production in the lateral ventricles to reabsorption in the arachnoid villi.

What are the 4 regions of the brain?

What 3 structures of the brain make up the brainstem?

Medulla Pons Medulla Oblongata

What 3 areas of the brain make up the diencephalon?

Thalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus

Define fissures, sulci and gyri as they relate to the cerebrum. What does the longitudinal fissure separate? What does the transverse fissure separate? What lobes of the brain do the central and lateral sulci separate?

Fissures: deep grooves separating sections of the cerebrum Sulci: invaginations Gyri: ridges Left and Right hemispheres Cerebrum and Cerebellum Central sulcus: frontal and parietal Lateral sulcus: temporal parietal and frontal

What is the overall function of the thalamus?

Relay sensory info to the right cortex except olfactory

What are the 2 main functions of the hypothalamus? Describe what they mean

Maintain homeostasis Regulate Pituitary gland: 4 F's flee flight feed fuck heart rate/temp blood pressure metabolism reproduction

What main structure is found in the epithalamus? What does it produce?

Pineal gland: releases melatonin which regulates circadian rhythm

The midbrain contains bumps on the anterior portion called __________. These contain a basale nucleus known as _________. The cells found within this nucleus produce neurotransmitter _________ which is associated with pleasure and motor control.

Cerebral peduncles Substantia Nigra Dopamine

The posterior portion of the midbrain contains 4 bumps known as the ________. What reflex is the superior and inferior colliculi responsible for?

Corpora quadrigemina Superior colliculi: vision reflex Inferior colliculi: hearing reflex

Where is the cerebellum found? Describe its anatomy. What are 2 functions of the cerebellum? How do the cerebellum and frontal lobe work together?

Posterior 2 hemispheres separated by vermin Gray matter outside White matter inside Arbor Vitae: Tree of life Coordinate and Fine tune movements Spatial skills and problem solving

What is Wernicke's Area? What is Broca's Area? Where are they located and how might damage to each of these areas affect a person?

Wernicke's: language comprehension meaningless speech left hemisphere Broca's: language production broken speech damage to muscles allowing talk left hemisphere

Name all of the lobes of the cerebellum and briefly describe their functions? What is the Insula and its function

What are the 3 myelinated nerve fiber tracts found in the brain? Which areas do they connect?

Association Tracts: same hemisphere Commissural Tracts: left and right Projection Tracts: up and down

Which cranial nerves contain only sensory fibers?

Olfactory 1 Optic 2 Vestibulocochlear 8

Which cranial nerves contain only motor fibers?

Oculomotor 3 Trochlear 4 Abducens 6 Accessory 11 Hypoglossal 12

Which cranial nerves contain both motor and sensory fibers?

Glossopharyngeal 9 Vagus 10 Trigeminal 5 Facial 7

If you were having dental work done on your upper teeth, which specific cranial nereve would a dentist numb

The basal nuclei are important in moderating_______

Unconscious motor control

The limbic system is a group of structures associated with _______

Emotion

What are the names and numbers of the 12 cranial nerves? Through which foramen do they exit the skill?

List the specific function of each of the cranial nerves? Which cranial nerves contribute to the ANS?

Name the 6 muscles that move the eye and describe their location, action, and which nerve innervates each. What is the levator palpebrae superioris muscle? Which nerve innervates this muscle?

Superior Rectus: look up Oculomotor 3 Inferior Rectus: look down oculomotor 3 Medial Rectus: look medial oculomotor 3 Lateral Rectus: Look laterally Abducens 6 Inferior Oblique: roll eye up and laterally oculomotor 3 Superior Oblique: roll eye down and lateral Trochlear 4

Briefly describe the structures found in the lacrimal apparatus and their locations. What does the lacrimal gland produce and its functions? Describe the direction of flow of the fluid in this apparatus, where does it drain? How do colds affect the flow of the fluid? What do eye drops help with

Name the 3 tunics of the eye. What structures are found in each tunic?

Fibrous: Sclera/cornea Vascular: Choroid, Iris, Ciliary Body Nervous: Retina

The outer white portion of the eye is called the _______

Sclera

Describe the anatomy and function of the ciliary body and processes. What are the ciliary muscles and what role do they play in vision? What happens when these muscles relax or contract? What is happening to the suspensory ligaments and lens during these instances?

Briefly describe the 2 layers of the retina. What happens when someone has a detached retina?

Primary Epithelium: dark to absorb light and provide nutrients to cells of retina Neural Layer: contains photoreceptors and neurons Choroid not attached to pigmented epithelium and cells start to die

Briefly describe th elayers of the cells found in the neural layer of the retina. What are the 2 types of photoreceptors and describe their functions.

Describe the fovea centralis and its importance in eye function.

Greatest visual acuity Contains lots of cones in order to help with vision

Name the cells and the order of synapse from a rod or cone to the axons of the optic nerve. The axons of the optic nerve are form what cells? Where is the blind spot in the eye, is there another name for this area?

The anterior and posterior cavities of the eye are separated by what structure? Where are the aqueous and vitreous humor found? Describe the production and circulation of the aqueous humor. What is the purpose of the scleral venous sinus? If the sinus is blocked what disease can it cause.

Lens Aqueous: watery more production Found in Anterior Cavity Vitreous humor: gel like maintain stagnant Found in Posterior Cavity Produces by Ciliary bodies and drain into scleral venous sinus Glaucoma: increased intraocular pressure too much aqueous humor

Where is the lens of the eye located within the eyeball? What is its function?

Behind Pupil Focus incoming light onto retina

Describe the pathway the optic nerves take after they leave the eye. What is the primary portion of the cerebellum to process visual information? Before arriving at this portion of the brain, which portion of the brain is responsible for our vision reflex recieves the signal?

Name the 3 distinct anatomical regions of the ear. What structures are found in each?

Outter: Auricle Tympanic Membrane External Acoustic Meatus Middle: Auditory Tube Ear Ossicles ( Malleus, Incus, Stapes) Inner: Semicircular Canals, Vestibules, Cochlea, Round and Oval window

Describe the 3 parts of the external ear. What is the purpose of the Tympanic Membrane?

Auricle: Funnel sound waves into ear EAM: ear canal sound waves travel through Tympanic Membrane: Converts sound waves into mechanical movement for ear ossicles

The auditory tube connects what two areas? What is the purpose of the auditory tube?

Middle Ear and Pharynx Equalizes pressure inside the ear and outside environment

Name the 3 ear ossicles from lateral to medial. What is the purpose of the ear ossicles? The stapes attaches to the ____ window of the inner ear.

Name the 2 small muscles that attach to the ear ossicles. What structures do they attach to and what is their overall purpose?

Tensor Tympani: stiffens tympanic membrane Stapedius muscle: prevents excessive movement of stapes with loud noise

The semicircular ducts contain receptors that detect ______. The _____ and ______ of the vestibule contain receptors that detect _____.

What are the names of the 3 semicircular canals/ducts? What is the function of each? Where are the hair cells found in the semicircular ducts?

Anterior: shake head yes Posterior: Tilt toward ear Lateral: Shake head no

Describe where you find the cupula in the inner ear. What is its function?

Describe where you find otoliths in the inner ear. What is their function?

Which cranial nerve is associated with hearing and equilibrium?

Vestibulocochlear 8

What 3 tubes are found in the cochlea? What fluid is found in each? The spiral organ sits on top of the _____ membrane and is found in which tube? Describe the function of the cochlea

Describe the pathways for sound and vestibular equilibrium sensations.

Which part of the basilar membrane is responsible for transducing high-pitches sounds? Low Pitched?

Base of membrane- High Tip: Low

Sound is detected when the ______ of hair cells brush against the ______ membrane in response to fluid moving beneath the basilar membrane.

Stereocilia Scala Media

Explain the main difference between the somatic motor and visceral motor nervous systems. Where in the brain do these signals originate? How many neurons are required to send a signal from the CNS to the target organ.

Somatic motor: originates in prefrontal cortex only requires 2 neurons Visceral motor: originate in hypothalamus 3 neurons

What part of the spinal cord contains somatic motor nuclei? Visceral Motor Nuclei?

Somatic: Thoracolumbar Division Visceral: Craniosacral

What 3 general tissues does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

Cardiac Smooth Glands

What are the 2 main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? Briefly Describe

Sympathetic: Fight, Flight, Ejaculation Parasympathetic: Rest, Digest, Sexual Arousal

Do sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations in an organ tissue work together or oppose each other?

Can work together or oppose one another

In the sympathetic nervous system where do the preganglionic neurons originate? Where are their ganglia located? What are the 3 types of sympathetic ganglia? Describe the difference between the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Thoracolumbar divison Close to spinal cord Sympathetic Chain Ganglia PRevertebral Ganglia Adrenal Medulla of Adrenal Gland Preganglionic: short axons release Acetylcholine PostGanglionic: Long Axons release norepinephrine

Which cranial nerve is responsible for most of the parasympathetic output?

Vagus 10 Wanderer

In the Parasympathetic nervous system where do the preganglionic neurons originate? Where are their ganglia located? Describe the pre and post ganglionic neurons

Craniosacral division Far away from spinal cord Preganglionic neurons: Long axons release Acetylcholine Postganglionic neurons: short axons release Acetylcholine

What neurotransmitters do the pre and post ganglionic neurons use for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

Sympathetic: Pre: Acetylcholine Post: Norepinephrine Parasympathetic: Pre and Post: Acetylcholine

What is the adrenal medulla and its function?

Modified ganglia that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream

Exam 2 Flashcards

(95 cards)