Exam 3 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What is the normal volume of blood in an adult? Temp?
A
4-6 L 38C
2
Q
What are the functions of blood? When blood is spun down in a centrifuge, what 3 parts does it separate into?
A
Transport O2 and nutrients, remove waste, Immune, protection
Plasma Buffy Coat Erythrocytes
3
Q
Describe the composition of plasma. What are the 3 major categories of plasma proteins? Antibodies are an example of what type of plasma protein?
A
Water Solutes Proteins
Albumen: transports lipid-soluble hormones and drugs
Fibrinogen: Clotting
Globulins: antibodies
4
Q
What are the 3 major categories of formed elements? Least and most abundant
A
Formed elements found in RBC
Leukocytes least
Erythrocytes most
Thrombocytes: clotting
5
Q
Function of an erythrocyte? Major component of an erythrocyte (protein). Do they have a nucleus? What is an EPO and what organ produces it?
A
Carry 02 throughout the body via hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
Anucleate
Hormone inc RBC production produced by Kidney
6
Q
Describe what a hematocrit is and why it is important
A
The percent of whole blood composed of RBC
Low RBC: not enough 02 and need iron
High RBC: thick blood leads to clots
7
Q
What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?
A
Forming RBC red bone marrow
8
Q
Typical lifespan of an erythrocyte? What happens when worn out?
A
120 days
Goes to spleen to die
9
Q
Leukocytes and their function. Common and Least
A
Neutrophil: Granulocyte, phagocytic, secrete peroxisomes and lysozymes
Lymphocyte: A B cell T cell NK cell
Monocyte: A macrophage in bloodstream
Eosinophil: G attack parasites- release antihistamines
Basopil: G respond to allergies histamine and heparine inflammation
10
Q
Name and describe the 3 major types of lymphocytes. What role do they play in the immune system
A
B Cell: produce antibodies
T cell:clear infection trigger immune response
NK cell: trigger apoptosis
11
Q
What is another name for platelets? What cell are they derived from? Function and do they have a nucleus?
A
Thrombocytes
Megokaryocytes
Clotting in blood
Anucleate
12
Q
What is another word for clotting? What formed elements is involved in clotting? What plasma protein is involved in clotting
A
Hemostasis
F: Thrombocyte
PP: Fibrinogen
13
Q
Can Type A- donate RBC to B+
A
No type b blood makes antibodies that will recognize the antigens on type A blood
14
Q
Can type O+ donate to a person with AB+ blood
A
Yes O blood has no antigens that will be recognized by AB antibodies
15
Q
B- into an AB+ person
A
Yes AB does not make any antigens to be identified and the RH is not present on B-
16
Q
O- into AB+
A
Yes O has no anitgens to be recognized
17
Q
A+ into A-
A
No A- antibodies will recognize the RH antigens in +
18
Q
B- into A+
A
No A makes antibodies that will recognize B antigens
19
Q
AB+ into O-
A
No Rh antibody will recognize RH antigen
20
Q
Name the layers of a blood vessel. What are the specific tissue types present in each layer? How do these layers differ between blood vessel types?
A
Tunica Externa: dense irregular CT
Tunica Media: smooth muscle
Tunica Interna: simple squamous epithelium
differ based off thickness
21
Q
What is the elastic lamina? What type of blood vessels do you find them in? What is the vasa vasorum?
A
Elastic Lamina: Elastic fibers separating tunica interna and media
Arteries
Vasa Vasorum: blood vessels of blood vessels
22
Q
How does the structure of an artery differ from that of a vein? Why do we see these and how does it relate to their function
A
Artery: thicker walls, elastic lamina, no valves, higher pressure, small round lumen
Vein: thinner walls, valves, no lamina, low pressure, large flat lumen
23
Q
Smallest Arteries? Smallest Veins
A
Arterioles
Venules
24
Q
What are pre-capillary sphincters? Where are they found? Describe their function
A
Blood shunting
Outtermost part of Capillaries
Vasoconstriction: blood only going to veins
Vasodilation: blood going to all parts of tissues and organs
25
What is an anastomosis? Give an example and why are they important
Multiple arteries that merge together
Provide an alternate supply of blood
26
Name the 3 types of capillaries, describe and note similarities and differences. Give an example and where in the body they are found
Continuous: complete epithelium brain small molecules
Fenestrated: porous rapid gas exchange lungs
Sinusoid: big gaps allow for blood filtering liver
27
What is the overall purpose of the systemic circulation? Name all of the parts of the heart and the major blood vessels associated with the heart that are involved in the systemic circulation?
deliver oxygenated blood to the body
bring deoxygenated blood back to heart
SVC IVC pulmonary veins
Left Atrium and Ventricles
Aorta and systemic arteries
28
Trace a drop of blood from the descending abdominal aorta to the fibular artery
Descending abdominal a
Inferior Mesenteric
Common Iliac A
External Iliac
Femoral
Popliteal
Posterior Tibial
Fibular A
29
Trace a drop of blood from the radial vein to the right atrium
Brachial V
Axillary
Subclavian
Brachiocephalic
SVC
Right atrium
30
Trace a drop of blood from the left atrium to the popliteal artery
Left AV valve
Left Ventricle
Left semilunar valve
Ascending, aortic arch descending aorta
Descending thoracic aorta
Descending abdominal aorta
Dommon iliac a
External iliac a
femoral a
Popliteal a
31
What are the 3 branches of the Aortic Arch
Ascending Aortia
Aortic Arch
Descending Aorta
32
Briefly describe the 2 circuits of the cardiovascular system. Which areas are high in O2 and low in CO2? Which are low in O2 and high in CO2
Pulmonary Cicruit: low O2 high CO2
Systemic: High CO2 low O2
33
T or F The right chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood
False Deoxygenated
34
Describe the layers and purpose of the pericardial sac. How does a serous membrane help reduce friction?
Protective Layer: surrounds the heart
Fibrous Pericardium: contains collagen
Parietal and Viscerial Pericardium: secrete pericardial fluid
Makes it slippery to reduce friction
35
Describe the histology and functions of the Endocardium, Myocardium, and Epicardium.
Endocardium: simple squamous epi- allow blood to travel through easily
Myocardium: Cardiac Muscle- push blood throughout the body
Epicardium: simple squamous epi, serous membranes- secrete pericardial fluid
36
Name the 4 chambers of the heart and the blood vessels associated with them.
Right Atrium: SVC IVC
Right Ventricle: Pulmonary Trunk and Arteries
Left Atrium: pulmonary veins
Left Ventricle: Aorta
37
Describe the interior of the atria and the ventricles. Which chambers have the thickest walls and why are some chambers thicker than others?
Interventricular Septum
Pectinate muscles: in ventricles
Papillary muscles: anchor AV valve
Left Vent thicker to push blood throughout the whole body
38
Name each of the valves of the heart and where they are located. What is the primary function of the valves
Atrioventricular Valve: btw atria and ventricle allow blood to enter into ventricles
Semilunar Valve: allow blood to leave heart
39
What is the primary function of the right side of the heart? Left side?
Receive deoxygenated blood to send to lungs
Send oxygenated blood to whole body
40
Name the 2 major arteries of the heart itself. What are the branches of each of these major arteries? The blood from the cardiac veins flow into what structure and chamber of the heart?
Right Coronary Artery: marginal artery and posterior interventricular
Left Coronary Artery: circumflex artery and interventricular a
Right Atrium and coronary sinus
41
Describe the flow of blood from the right atrium to the aorta include all chambers valves and vessels blood travels through
Right Atrium- Right AV valve- Right Ventricle- Right SL Valve- Pulmonary Trunk-Pulmonary Arteries- Lungs- Pulmonary Veins-Left Atrium-Left AV valve- Left Ventricle- Left SL valve- Ascending Aorta- Aortic Arch- Aorta
42
Describe the conducting system of the heart. What is the function of this system? mention SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje Fibers
Generate and coordinate elctrical signals throughout the heart
SA node: primary pacemaker
AV node: delays signal to av bundle so atrium and ventricles dont contract at the same time
AV Bundle: transmit signal down ventricle
Purkinje Fibers: spread signal from base to apex of heart ventricular contraction
43
What supplies the extrinsic nerve control for the heart? resting HR generally lower than 80-100 bpm
ANS fight or flight and rest and digest
44
Are heart sounds S1 and S2 associated with the opening or closing of cardiac valves? Which valves are associated with each sound
Closing of vavles
S1: Closing AV valve
S2: Closing SL valve
45
The atrioventricular bundle is also known as the _____. The AV bundle and the bundle branches are found within the ____.
bundle of his
interventricular septum
46
Ventricular contraction occurs in a wave from the ____ of the heart to the _____
apex
base
47
Briefly describe the 4 steps of the cardiac cycle: note which valves are open
Ventricular filling: AV open SL closed
Ventricular Systole: AV closed SL closed
Ventricular Systole 2: AV closed SL open
Isovolumetric Relaxation: AV closed SL closed
48
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Provide body with O2
Eliminate CO2
Clean humidify and heat air
Sound production and resonation
49
What are the 2 functionally different parts of the respiratory system? Anatomically different parts? Name all the components of each
Conducting
Larynx, Pharynx, Nasal Cavity, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles
Respiratory
Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts and sacs, Alveoli
Upper Respsiratory
Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx
Lower
Trachea Primary bronchi lungs
50
Describe the anatomy of the nasal cavity. What tissue type lines it? What purpose does it have? How do the nasal conchae work?
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium with lots of Goblet cells
Deliver O2, warm air for gapid gas exchange, eliminate CO2
Spins air around to let mucous catch and trap it
51
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses? What function do they serve?
Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Open into Nasal Cavity and lighten skull
52
What are the 3 general areas of the pharynx? What tonsils are found here? What is the auditory tube, and what regions does it connect to?
Tonsils: Palatine, Lingual Pharyngeal
Uvula: block food from entering nasal cavity prevent choking
Auditory Tube: connects pharynx to middle ear
53
What is the uvula and what is its function? How does it relate to snoring?
Teardrop structure at the end of the soft palate
Prevent food from entering nasal cavity
vibration or large= snoring
54
Describe the anatomy of the larynx? What cartilages make it up? What is the glottis? How is sound produces
Individual Cartilages: Thyroid Cricoid Epiglottis
Paired: Arytenoid Corniculate
Glottis vocal folds and the space btwn
Adductions of vocal fold produces sound
55
Describe the anatomy of the trachea. What is the purpose of the C-shaped cartilage rings? Describe the histology of the trachea .
Hyaline Cart: incomplete cartilage rings
Maintain an open airway
Trachealis Muscle: Expansion of Esophagus
Ciliated Pseudostratified Epi-
56
What are alveoli? What purpose do they serve? What layers make up the respiratory membrane? What is the importance of the respiratory membrane as it related to its function?
Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs
Simple Squamous Epi of Alveolus
Basement Membrane
Simple Squamous Epi of Capillaries
Slow down diffusion of gasses
57
Describe the types of cells found in the alveoli. What are the functions? What is surfactant and its function?
Type 2 cells: produce surfactant
Surfactant: slippery soapy fluid keeping alveoli open
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Alveolar Macrophages: last line of defense
58
Describe the anatomy of the lungs. How are the 2 different?
Right: Superior Middle Inferior
Left: Superior and Inferior
Hilum: Bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins exit and enter the lungs
Oblique fissure: separate lobes of the lungs
59
What are the 2 layers of the pleura? What purpose do they serve? What is a pneumothorax?
Parietal and Visceral pleurae
secrete pericardial fluid
Collapsed lungs: air trapped in pleural cavity preventing expansion
60
What skeletal muscles are involved in inspiration and expiration?
Inspiration: External intercostals, scalenes, Diaphragm, Pectoralis Minor, Sternocleidomastoid
Expiration: Internal Intercostals Abdominal muscle group
61
What is another word for chewing? Swallowing? What are the names of the 3 pairs of salivary glands? Are they examples of endocrine or exocrine organs?
Mastication
Peristalsis
Parotid, Sublingual,Submandibular
Exocrine
62
What is the overall function of the small intestine? Name and describe the 3 regions.
Absorption of nutrients/ Chemical Digestion
Duodenum: almost all chemical digestion
Jejunum: absorption of nutrients
Ilium: start forming stool
63
Describe the histology of the small intestine.
Mucosa: simple columnar epithelium
Submucosa: Areolar CT
Muscularis Externa:
inner circular layer
outer longitudinal layer
64
What 3 structures increase the surface area in the small intestine? Which part of the small intestine is sterile? Which part contains lots of bacteria?
Microvilli, villi, circular folds
Peritoneum
Mucosa
65
What is the major function of the large intestine? Name the various regions. Describe the histology. How does it differ from the small intestine?
Absorb water
Ascending colon, Transverse Colon, Descending Colon Sigmoid Colon, Cecum
Simple Columnar Goblet cells
Microvilli no Villi
2 smooth muscle layers
66
What is a mesentery? What are the names and functions of the mesenteries in the body?
Fold attaching organs to abdominal wall
Greater Omentum: hangs from stomach covers organs like an apron
Lesser Omentum: connects stomach to liver
Mesentery proper: holds small intestine together
Mesocolon: anchors large intestine
67
What are the 4 general layers of the digestive tract?
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Visceral Parietal layer
68
Describe the various sphincters of the digestive system. Where are they located and what kind of muscle are each made of? Cardiac Sphincter
Cardiac/ Lower Esophageal Sphincter: Esophagus and cardia os stomach
Too relaxed? acidic stomach acid can come up
Too Tight? Achlasia: food no go down
Pyloric Sphincter: duodenum/ pylorus
prevent food from leaving too soon
Internal Anal Sphincter: smooth muscle involuntary
External Anal Sphincter: skeletal muscle voluntary
69
What is a bolus and how does it differ from chyme?
Bolus=clump of food
Chyme= mixed with acid
70
Describe the anatomy of the stomach. What makes the muscularis externa of the stomach unique from the other parts of the digestive tract?
Cardia, Body, Fundus, Pylorus
Gastric Rugae: fold lining stomach allowing for expansion
2 sphincters
Inner circular layer
Outter Longitudinal Layer
71
What are the various specialized cell types found within the stomach?
Mucous cell: secretes mucus
Parietal cell: secrete HCL and intrinsic factor grelin
Chief: produce pepsinogen
G cell: secrete gastrin stimulates digestion
Pepsinogen and HCL activate pepsin allowing chemical digestion
72
What is intrinsic factor and why is it important?
necessary for vitamin B12 absorbtion
necessary for RBC production
73
What is the peritoneum? What is the fluid found within the peritoneal cavity called? Describe the fluid and its function. What is peritonitis and how does it occur?
Serous membrane lining abdominal cacity
Peritoneal fluid
Reduce friction
Inflammation of peritoneum
74
What is found within the submucosa of the small intestine? Briefly describe their function and importance.
Mucous Glands: provide lubrication for food
Leukocytes: fight pathogens
Capillaries: absorb nutrients
75
What is peristalsis and segmentation?
Peristalsis: pushing food
Segmentation: mixing food back and forth
76
What is bile, its function, and where is it produced? Describe the ducts associated
Fluid produced by liver
Break down fat into droplets for lipase
Common Hepatic Duct: bile leaves liver
Bile Duct: bile to duodenum and pancreas
Cystic Duct: gallbladder
77
What is the hepatic portal vein? Describe what makes it unique and the pathway blood takes from the hepatic portal vein back to the heart?
Delivers nutrient rich blood from the small intestine to the liver
Carries blood directly back to the heart
HPV- Sinusoid Capillaries- Central Vein- Hepatic Vein- IVC
78
Describe the 2 types of glands that exist in the body? What is the main difference? Can an organ be both give an example?
Endocrine: secrete hormones into blood stream
Exocrine: secrete products down a duct onto epithelial surface
Yes-Pancreas
79
What hormone does calcitonin work with to regulate calcium concentration in blood? Where is this hormone produced and why is this gland important?
Parathyroid Hormone
Parathyroid Gland: essential for life
80
Name the 2 main layers of the adrenal gland. What hormones are produced in each
Cortex
Aldosterone: kidneys to retain sodium and inc BP
Cortisol: mobilized energy stores, reduce inflammation, inc blood glucose
Medulla:
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine:stimulate fight/flight response
81
Function of the exocrine portion of pancreas? What tissue forms the endocrine portion of the pancreas? What 2 cell types are found here and the hormones they produce?
Excrete enzymes
Acinar
Beta cells: produce insulin
Alpha: produce glycogen
82
Name the main organs of the urinary system
Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
83
4 general functions of the urinary system? What do EPO and renin do?
Secrete nitrogenous bases
Electrolyte Balance
Modify/ Deactivate medication
Water Balance/ Blood Volume
EPO: blood producing
Renin: inc blood pressure
84
Typical pH of urine? Describe and list a benefit
around 6
Sterile to prevent pathogens from going into urethra
85
Gross anatomy of the kidney. Various layers and tissues
Renal Capsule: dense connective tissue outer layer
Renal Cortex: column btw renal pyramids
Renal Medulla: contains renal pyramids
Renal Sinus: fat protecting tubes
Renal Hilum: tubes enter/exit
86
What and where is the hilum of the kidney? What is the renal sinus?
Hilum: tubes entering and exiting kidney
Renal Sinus: fat protecting tubes entering/ exiting
87
What kind of capillaries make up the glomerular capillary bed? Describe the filtration barrier and what things are and not filtered?
Fenestrated
Filtered: water, wastes, electrolytes, glucose-reabsorbed
Not filtered: RBC WBC plasma proteins
88
Overall function of the nephron? What 2 general structures make up the nephron? Functions?
Filters blood to reabsorb nutrients, secrete what isn't needed through urine
Renal Corpuscle: filters blood to produce filtrate
Renal Tubules: reabsorb nutrients
89
Various tubules of the nephron histology and function
Proximal tubule: simple cuboidal absorb 65% of water and solutes
Nephron loop
Descending: simple squamous H2O reabsorbed
Ascending: simple cuboidal salt reabsorbed
Distal tubule: sinple cuboidal less mitochondria and microvilli
Collecting Duct: simple cuboidal fine-tune filtrate
90
Name the 2 types of nephrons. How do they differ from one another? Which are more prominent
Cortical:
85%
Shorter loops of Henle
Higher in cortex
Juxtamedullary:
Longer loops
More in medullary
Better at concentrating urine
91
Starting at the renal artery describe the path of a RBC through the vasculature of the kidney
Renal Artery
Segmental A
Interlobar A
Cortical Radiate A
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular Capillaries
Venules
Cortical Radiate V
Arcuate V
Interlobar V
Renal V
IVC
92
Describe the path of filtrate from the capsular space of the renal corpuscle to the bladder
Capsular Space
Proximal Tubules
Descending Tubule
Ascending Tubule
Distal Tubule
Collecting Duct
Renal Papillae
Minor Calyx
Major Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
93
Describe the anatomy and function of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Ureters: drain urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary Bladder: Stores urine
Stretch receptor cells
Petrusor Muscle: push uring out
Urethra: Drains bladder
94
What is the function of the scrotum? Where are the dartos muscle and cremaster muscle found along with their functions?
Houses testes away from the body for temp reg and sperm production
Dartos: wrinkles scrotum when cold
Cremaster: contract and raises testes
95
What structures are found in the spermatic cord?
Vas Deferens Cremaster muscle
96
What are the male gonads? What are seminiferous tubules and where are they found? What cell types are found here? What do these cells secrete?
Testes
Tubules in the Testes site of spermatogenesis
Leydig cells: produce testosterone
Sertoli: antigen binding protein to increase sperm production
97
How does the pituitary gland regulate sperm production?
Produces Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone that activate sertoli cells
Sertoli cells in sperm production
98
What is the blood-testis barrier? What cells form it and why is it important
Prevent immune system from attacking unique sperm
Formed by tight junctions between sertoli cells
improper formation can lead to infertility
98
What is spermatogenesis? Name the cells involved and if they are haploid or diploid
production of male gametes sperm
Spermatogonium: diploid
Primary Spermatocyte: diploid
Meiosis 1
Secondary Spermatocyte: haploid
Spermatid: 4 haploid
Sperm: 4 haploid
99
Name and describe the 3 accessory glands associated with the male reproductive system. What kind of fluid does each gland secrete? What importance does each secretion have?
Bulbourethral gland: form alkaline preejaculate to cleanse acidity of vagina
Seminal Vesicle Gland: forms 60-70% of sperm
makes sticky proteins so sperm can stick to the uterus
Fructose for energy
Prostate Gland: 30% of secretion
close the urethra and liquefy semen
100
What is the epididymis, its location, and function?
On top of testes to store mature and transport sperm during arousal
101
What tube carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra? What causes this to occur?
Vas Deferens
Smooth Muscle contraction
102
Describe the anatomy of the penis. What tissue is found here? What is the glans and prepuce?
Erectile tissue with 3 cyclinders
Corpus Cavernosum
Corpus Spongiosum
Glans: head of penis
Prepuce: covers glans
Urethra: 3 layers
prostatic membranous spongy
103
Describe the anatomy of a sperm cell. What is the acrosome and its function?
Acrosome: head with enzymes to penetrate egg
Nucleus: head with haploid DNA
Midpiece: mitochondria
Tail: flagella to swim
104
Describe how the autonomic nervous system affects the male reproductive system.
Parasympathetic: Erection
Sympathetic: Ejaculation
105
Name and describe the anatomy of the female external genitalia. What tissue is the clitoris made of?
Labia Majora: outer paired skin folds
Labia Minora: thinner skin forming prepuce of clitoris
Vaginal Orifice: opening of vagina
External Urethral Orifice: opening to urethra
Clitoris: erectile tissue
Vestibule: area between minora consisteting of vagina and urethra
106
Describe the vagina and its internal environment. What specific tissue type is the epithelium made of?
Muscular Canal
Slightly Acidic
Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium
107
What are the primary sex organs of the female?
Ovaries: site of oocyte production and maturation
108
Describe the gross anatomy and histology of the uterine tubes. What is the function of the uterine tubes?
Fimbriae: finger-like projections to wave eggs
Infundibulum: funnel to catch egg
Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Site of fertilization and transport egg to uterus
109
Where does fertilization typically occur? Where does implantation occur? Name and explain two diseases/conditions that can affect fertilization and implantation. What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Fertilization: fallopian tubes
Implantation: endometrium of uterus
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease:
scar tissue forms in tubes
Endometriosis:
endometrium grows outside of uterus
110
Describe the gross anatomy of the uterus. What are the layers that make up the wall of the uterus and their functions? How does the endometrium change during the menstrual cycle?
3 regions: fundus body and cervix
Perimetrium: outer layer protection and reduce friction
Myomytrium: smooth muscle, contractions stimulated by oxytocin, stretch and grow
Endometrium: implantation and nourishment to fetus
2 layers
Basal Layer: constant
Functional layer: sloughed off
111
Describe the oathway an oocyte takes
ovaries- uterine tube-uterus- endometrium- cervix-vagina
112
Outline the process of oogenesis, naming the cells and if they are haploid or diploid
Oogenium: diploid stem cell
Primary oocyte: diploid
Meiosis 1
Polar cell
Secondary oocyte: haploid
Fertilization: zygote and meiosis 2 and eventually embryo
no fertilization: egg die no meiosis 2
113
Outline the process of folliculogenesis. Describe the histology of the follicles and the corpus luteum. Know what stage oocyte is found within each stage of follicle
114
Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis
Spermatogenesis:
1 cell 4 sperm
occurs throughout entire life
Always undergoes Meiosis 2
Oogenesis
1 cell 1 egg
Stops at menopause
Only undergoes Meiosis 2 if fertilized
115
Functions of the hormones associated with the female reproductive system and where they are produced. Understand their role in the ovarian and menstrual cycles
