Exam 2 Flashcards by Charles Amoateng

Sensory information from within the body

Interoceptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sensory information from muscles & joints

Proprioceptrs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cutaneous receptors, vestibular apparatus, and joint receptors can be described as

proprioceptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are interoceptors

false; proprioceptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

sensory information from outside the body

exteroceptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are three forms of exteroceptor stimuli

vision, hearing, smell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

when stretched, the sensory neuron sends information to _______ to excite motor neurons to muscle fibers = _______

spinal cord ; muscle contraction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

stimulation = _____
stimulation also = ______

stretch reflex
reciprocal innervation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When activated, sensory neuron sends information to spinal cord to inhibit motor-neurons to muscle fibers = _________

muscle relaxation & decrease in muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does afferent information go?
______ of spinal cord
_______ pathways of spinal cord
Through brainstem to the thalamus (_________)

dorsal horns ; ascending ; stimulus identification

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which lobe is being described?
- voluntary motor function
- motivation
- aggression
- IQ center

Frontal lobe`

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which lobe is responsible for touch?

Parietal lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which lobe is responsible for hearing and smell?

Temporal lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which lobe is responsible for vision?

occipital lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Frontal lobe of cerebrum & limbic system form intention to _____

act

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Motor functions are initially organized in _____ motor cortex and then the ______ motor cortex

pre
primary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Descending tracts : ______

spinal tuning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

little brain
- receives a copy of the motor commands sent out to muscles (effectors)
- Used as reference of comparison

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Motor commands sent via efferent (____) neurons to muscles (____)

motor ; effectors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If time permits, feedback loops (_______ loop)

closed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Programming of movement can be corrected, depending on feedback from body

closed loop control

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Involves the use of feedback and error detection & correction to maintain desired goal

Closed Loop Control Systems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 components of closed loop control system (CEEF)

Comparator
Executive
Effector
Feedback

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____ also operate in a closed loop manner

Reflexes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

We can examine reflexive systems via EMG activity in response to an _______ load

unexpected

What loop response is being explained? - maintain joint angle - increase load unexpectedly - observe latency of corrections

Closed loop

- Occurs very rapidly after load - Muscle spindle stretch

M1 Response

- Longer duration, higher EMG burst - Some higher centers involved - muscle spindle processed - Not voluntarily but some modification can occur

M2 response

- Voluntary, reaction time response - Brings limb back to position - Flexible & adaptable - may involve other muscles

M3 Response

______ argued there was a 4th response between M2 & M3

Dewhurst

Thought to be in-between a voluntary and reflexive response

Triggered Response

Which comes first, the effector or executive?

executive

What are the 3 portions of the executive? (SiRsRp)

1. Stimulus Identification 2. Response selection 3. Response Programming

What are the 3 portions of the effector? (MpScM)

1. Motor program 2. Spinal Cord 3. Muscles

What is also referred to as the efference copy?

comparator

e.g., boxing punch = 40 ms - Outer feedback loop and ____ response cannot complete

e.g., baseball swing = 100 ms - only influenced by ____

e.g., tennis groundstroke = 200 ms - Includenced by ___ & ____

M1 M2

e.g., Tennis serve = 300 ms - Any actions 300 ms or greater allow influence by ____, ____, and _______.

M1 , M2, outer pathway

_______ allow for flexibility of movement control

Closed loop systems

Flexibility makes control very _____, causing ____ - ____ ms needed for closed loop control

slow ; 200-300

System cannot explain ___, ___ skills or situation where no feedback is present

quick ; discrete

A pre-structured set of neural commands, organized in advance, that allow the entire movement sequence to be carried out (Keele, 1968)

Motor program

Motor program theory assumes all aspects of movement planning and execution are done in the ____ via "programs" which are stored in memory

CNS

T/F: Movements can be produced in the absence of feedback

True

T/F: Reaction time decreases with the complexity of movements

False ; increase

At the start of the stance phase, CPG will favor flexion or extension?

Flexion

At the start of the swing phase, CPG will favor flexion or extension?

extension

What are some problems with the motor program concept? (DofNS)

- Degrees of Freedom - Novelty - Storage

A ______ is proposed as a construct that allows central representation for a class of movements

generalized motor program

unable to be modified with a GMP (deep structures)

invariants

able to be changed within a GMP (surface features

Parameters

T/F: To produce a movement, a specific GMP is chose (e.g., overarm throw), retrieved from long term memory (LTM), and then parameterized

True

What are the 3 Invariant features? (OoePRtRf)

1. Order of elements 2. Phasing/Relative timing 3. Relative force

What are the 3 parameter features? (AdAfE)

1. Absolute duration 2. Absolute force 3. Effector

This relationship for feedback-based movements (i.e., closed loop) has been mathematically described by the researcher _______

Paul Fitts

In the equation: MT = a + b * log2[2A / W] ; what does log2[2A /W identify as?

Index of difficulty

There is a _____ relationship between the Index of Difficulty and Movement Time

linear

Uses single rapid movements and measure spread of movements = effective target width (We)

Schmidt's Law

Schmidt’s Law = linear ______- _______ trade-off

speed ; accuracy

logarithmic relationship - feedback based movements under closed-loop control

Fitt's Law

linear relationship - preprogrammed movements under open-loop control

Schmidt's Law

Very forceful movements can result in ______ variability

decreased

● “Athletes are born not made” ● Relates performance to abilities ● It’s all about your parents...

Nature

● “Athletes are made not born” ● Relates performance to skills ● It’s all about practice...

Nurture

Predicts high correlation between tasks

Single Global Ability

Predicts low correlation between tasks

Specificity Hypothesis

When asked to perform a bimanual movement of different IDs, movement times do not change between hands... This suggests ______ and _______ between the limbs

coordination and modification

T/F: Gait transitions may also occur due to increased variability

True

T/F: Studies involving bimanual coordination tasks have shown that certain patterns are preferred

True

“In-phase” movements (___*) - coordinated contracting of homologous muscles

“Anti-phase” movements (____*) - alternating contraction of homologous muscles

180

Exam 2 Flashcards

(73 cards)