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Exercise Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions, increasing or decreasing likelihood of reactions.

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2
Q

How does increasing enzyme activity affect reactions?

A

Increasing enzyme activity increases the chance of a reaction.

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3
Q

How do enzymes function in biological processes?

A

Enzymes are like dimmer switches, making reactions more or less likely.

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4
Q

What is the common nomenclature for enzymes?

A

Enzymes are proteins, typically ending in ‘-ase’. Examples include kinase, phosphatase.

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5
Q

What is the key and lock concept in enzymatic reactions?

A

Enzyme’s active site binds with substrates, like a puzzle piece fitting together.

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6
Q

What does the Law of Mass Action state?

A

If enough substrate is present, it drives reactions towards products, striving for equilibrium.

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7
Q

What are enzyme modulators?

A

Modulators are chemicals that affect enzyme function: stimulators increase, inhibitors decrease reaction rate.

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8
Q

What happens during ATP hydrolysis?

A

ATP hydrolysis releases energy for work and heat, facilitated by enzyme ATPase.

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9
Q

What is allosteric modulation?

A

Allosteric modulators influence enzyme activity by binding to sites other than the active site.

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10
Q

Give examples of allosteric modulators.

A

ATP and ADP are key allosteric modulators, affecting enzyme affinity and function.

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11
Q

What are common types of enzyme modulators?

A
  • Minerals (Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn)
  • B-vitamins (NAD, FAD)
  • ATP/ADP
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12
Q

How does the energy state of the cell affect enzyme activity?

A

High ATP levels inhibit enzyme activity; high ADP levels stimulate activity.

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13
Q

What is the role of a kinase?

A

Kinase transfers phosphate groups from one substance to another.

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14
Q

What does a phosphorylase do?

A

Phosphorylase adds free phosphate to substrate.

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15
Q

What is the function of a phosphatase?

A

Phosphatase removes phosphate from substrates, adding it to the free phosphate pool.

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16
Q

What is the role of a synthetase?

A

Synthetase catalyzes anabolic reactions, building molecules.

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17
Q

What does a dehydrogenase do?

A

Dehydrogenase catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions.

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18
Q

How do oxidation and reduction relate in metabolic reactions?

A

In metabolic reactions, oxidation and reduction occur together to transfer electrons.

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19
Q

What is the immediate energy system overview?

A

ATP-PCR system uses ATP and phosphocreatine for rapid energy in high-intensity efforts.

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20
Q

What happens at the onset of exercise in terms of energy systems?

A

ATP breakdown and PCr system activation occur immediately.

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21
Q

What is the adenylate kinase reaction?

A

During recovery, adenylate kinase regenerates ATP using two ADP molecules.

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22
Q

What does EPOC stand for?

A

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of EPOC?

A

EPOC restores oxygen levels, replenishes ATP/PCr, and removes metabolic byproducts.

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24
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH.

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25
What are key substrates in glycolysis?
* Glucose * Glucose-6-phosphate * Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate * Pyruvate
26
Who are the key rate-limiting enzymes in glycolysis?
* Hexokinase * PFK-1 * Pyruvate kinase
27
What is the ATP cost and production in glycolysis?
2 ATP are used; 4 ATP are produced, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP.
28
How many NADH molecules are produced in glycolysis?
2 NADH molecules are produced.
29
What is the carbon composition in glycolysis?
1 glucose molecule (6 carbons) produces 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carbons each).
30
How does ATP level regulate glycolysis?
High ATP levels inhibit PFK-1; high ADP levels stimulate it.
31
How does substrate concentration affect glycolysis?
Glucose > G-6-PO4 activates hexokinase; glucose < G-6-PO4 inhibits it.
32
What effect does acidity have on glycolysis?
Low pH inhibits many enzymes, including PFK-1.
33
What are the fates of lactate?
Lactate can shuttle to nearby fibers, the heart, or enter the Cori Cycle for gluconeogenesis.
34
What regulates glycogenolysis in an extrinsic manner?
Glucagon and epinephrine activate glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle.
35
What regulates glycogenolysis intrinsically?
Ca²⁺ levels during muscle contraction regulate glycogen breakdown.
36
What is the final summary of glycogenolysis?
Glucagon and epinephrine promote glycogenolysis; Ca²⁺ levels regulate muscle glycogen breakdown.
37
What determines fast vs. slow glycolytic pathways?
Mitochondrial enzyme activity (O2 availability, temperature, pH) determines pyruvate fate.
38
What is the role of glycogenolysis in the liver?
Liver regulates blood glucose, converting G-6-PO4 to glucose for blood release.
39
What role does muscle glycogen play in exercise?
Muscle glycogen is the primary fuel for exercise lasting more than 10 seconds.
40
How does calcium influence glycogenolysis?
Ca²⁺ release during muscle contraction increases glycogen breakdown for energy.
41
What stimulates glycogen breakdown during low blood glucose?
Low blood glucose detected, glucagon and epinephrine stimulate glycogen breakdown.
42
What happens during muscle contraction in relation to glycogenolysis?
During muscle contraction, Ca²⁺ levels increase, promoting glycogen breakdown.
43
What is gluconeogenesis?
Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate (non-CHO) sources.
44
What is glycogenolysis?
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose (enzyme: glucose-6-phosphatase).
45
What are the fuels for gluconeogenesis?
* Lactate (LA) * Pyruvate (PA) * Glycerol * Alanine
46
What is the Cori Cycle?
Converts lactate (produced in muscles) to glucose in the liver.
47
During which condition does the Cori Cycle occur?
During high-intensity exercise when oxygen is limited.
48
What is the process of the Cori Cycle?
* Lactate → Blood → Liver * Liver converts lactate → Glucose * Glucose returns to muscles for energy.
49
What is the Alanine-Glucose Cycle?
Involves alanine instead of lactate in gluconeogenesis.
50
What is lipolysis?
Breakdown of stored fat into glycerol and free fatty acids.
51
Which hormones stimulate lipolysis?
* Epinephrine * Glucagon * Cortisol * Growth Hormone
52
Which hormone inhibits lipolysis?
Insulin.
53
What is the result of triglyceride breakdown?
Triglycerides (TG) → Glycerol + 3 Free Fatty Acids (FFA).
54
What happens to glycerol during gluconeogenesis?
Glycerol enters gluconeogenesis → Glucose.
55
What is pyruvate oxidation?
Conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix.
56
What does the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDH) catalyze?
Pyruvate (3C) → Acetyl-CoA (2C) + CO₂ (1C).
57
How much NADH is produced per pyruvate during oxidation?
1 NADH → 3 ATP in ETC.
58
What is produced in the Krebs Cycle per Acetyl-CoA?
* 2 CO₂ released * 1 ATP produced * 3 NADH generated * 1 FADH₂ generated
59
What slows down the Krebs Cycle?
High NADH/NAD+ ratio and high ATP levels.
60
What speeds up the Krebs Cycle?
Low NADH/NAD+ ratio and high ADP levels.
61
Where is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) located?
Inner mitochondrial membrane.
62
What percentage of ATP comes from aerobic metabolism?
90% of ATP.
63
How many ATP are produced from glycolysis directly?
2 ATP.
64
How many total ATP are produced from one glucose molecule?
36-38 ATP.
65
What is the total ATP produced from glycogen breakdown?
37-39 ATP total.
66
Why does FADH₂ produce less ATP than NADH?
Because it enters ETC at a lower energy level.

Exercise Physiology (2 decks)

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