exam 2 Flashcards
Who was Madame C.J. Walker?
First Black woman millionaire; created a successful line of hair products for Black women; advocate for Black entrepreneurship and philanthropy.
Who was W.E.B. Du Bois?
First Black Ph.D. from Harvard; co-founder of the NAACP; promoted higher education, political activism, and civil rights; author of The Souls of Black Folk.
Who was Booker T. Washington?
Founded Tuskegee Institute; emphasized vocational education, self-reliance, and economic progress over immediate civil rights.
Who was Ida B. Wells?
Journalist and activist; exposed lynching as a tool of racial control; advocated anti-lynching legislation and co-founded the NAACP.
Who was Langston Hughes?
Poet and key figure in the Harlem Renaissance; celebrated Black culture and wrote about racism and identity.
Who was Marcus Garvey?
Jamaican-born leader; founded the UNIA; promoted Black pride, self-reliance, and Pan-Africanism; launched the Back-to-Africa movement.
Who was Frederick Douglass?
Former enslaved person; leading abolitionist, speaker, and writer; advocated for equality and justice.
Who was A. Philip Randolph?
Labor organizer; led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; pressured FDR to desegregate defense industries (1941 March on Washington).
Who was Malcolm X?
Spokesman for Nation of Islam; promoted Black nationalism and self-defense; later advocated global Black unity and human rights.
Who was Martin Luther King Jr.?
Leader of the SCLC; promoted nonviolence and civil disobedience; delivered ‘I Have a Dream’ speech at 1963 March on Washington.
Who was Ella Baker?
Organizer and behind-the-scenes strategist; co-founder of SNCC; promoted grassroots organizing and collective leadership.
Who were Bob Moses & Amzie Moore?
Key leaders in Freedom Summer and voter registration drives in Mississippi; helped build local community power.
Who were Bobby Seale & Huey Newton?
Co-founders of the Black Panther Party; focused on self-defense, community programs, and challenging police brutality.
Who was Mary McLeod Bethune?
Educator and activist; founded Bethune-Cookman College; advisor to FDR and advocate for Black youth and women.
Who was Bayard Rustin?
Gay civil rights activist; key organizer of the 1963 March on Washington; advocate of nonviolence and coalition politics.
Who was Elijah Muhammad?
Leader of the Nation of Islam; promoted Black self-sufficiency and separation from white society; mentor to Malcolm X.
Who was Stokely Carmichael?
SNCC leader; coined the term ‘Black Power’; shifted SNCC from nonviolence to self-determination.
Who was Angela Davis?
Scholar and activist; linked to Black Panthers; advocate for prison abolition, Black liberation, and intersectional justice.
Who was Sonia Sanchez?
Poet, playwright, and activist; major voice in the Black Arts Movement promoting Black cultural expression.
Who was Maulana Karenga?
Founder of Kwanzaa and US Organization; promoted African-centered cultural nationalism.
Who was Amiri Baraka?
Poet and playwright; leading figure in the Black Arts Movement; used art for political change.
What was the difference between Washington and Du Bois?
Washington: Vocational training, economic progress, gradual change.
Du Bois: Higher education, political activism, immediate civil rights.
What did Ida B. Wells criticize?
Criticized lynching as a tool to suppress Black progress; advocated for exposure, protests, and anti-lynching laws.
What was the Great Migration?
Mass movement (1916–1970) of African Americans from South to North/West; driven by racism, lack of opportunity, and desire for better jobs and education.
