Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Disease & Sanitation Animal Sci > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
0
Q

all cells of the immune system originate from ___________

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

•Composed of many interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from ________, ______, _____ and __________ infections and from growth of ______ cells.

A

bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic ,tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

produces mature T cells; immature T cells leave the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus to mature.

A

Thymus Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

an immunological filter of blood. It captures foreign material (antigens) in blood that passes through and activates the B cells for antibody production

A

Spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

similar to the spleen except it filters the bodily fluid lymph

A

•Lymph Nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

heightens immune response by activating other white blood cells to fight off infection (helper and killer type)

A

T-Cells (T lymphocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

produce antibodies in response to foreign proteins of bacteria, viruses, tumor cells

A

•B-Cells (B lymphocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

produced from B cells, are specialized proteins that specifically recognize and bind to one particular protein

A

Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

foreign substance that stimulates the immune response – antibody production

A

Antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a group of white blood cells that engulf and degrade foreign bodies with powerful enzymes
(Ex. Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)

A

•Granulocytes or Polymorphonuclear (PMN) Leucocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

antibody production, begins with the recognition of antigen (T helper cells and B cells)

A

•Humoral immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

involves various immune cells whose function is phagocytosis

A

•Cell Mediated Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • Present from birth
  • Non specific
  • Does not become more efficient on subsequent exposure to same organism
  • Includes cellular immunity
A

•Innate (Natural) Immunity:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

prevents the entry of mico-organisms
Skin, mucous membranes
Antibacterial secretions- saliva, stomach
Prevention of stasis (removal from body)
Urination, defecation (diarrhea), cilia, nasal hairs, coughing, vomiting

A

•Innate Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cells that ingest and kill micro-organisms

A

Phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

acquired when newborn ingest colostrum soon after birth. Colostrum contains antibodies produced from dam (mother)

A

•Passive (transfer) immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Developed from vaccinations and prior exposure what’s affected by particular microorganism an individual will never again developing infection from the same microorganism but can be infected with another

A

Active(specific immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 types of acquired immunity

A

Active( specific immunity) &

Passive( transfer immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes Vaccination Failure

A
  • Age
  • Biological Variation/ Immunodeficiency
  • Nutrition
  • Concurrent Disease
  • Antibody Interference
  • Stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 Extrinsic Causes

A

•Living Agents &

Non-living agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Examples living agents

A

micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Examples of Non-living agents

A

trauma, temperature (extreme heat/cold), poisons, food deficiencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Examples of the portal of entry through Skin

A
  • Skin:
  • Bites, scratches, traumatic wounds.
  • Normal Flora: disrupted to cause disease.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

• Examples of the portal on entry for Mucous Membranes

A
  • Respiratory Tract: dust, exhaust, moisture droplets, trauma
  • Genitourinary (urogenital) Tract: coitus, A.I., trauma
  • Eyes: dust, trauma, flies.
  • Intestinal Tract: eating, licking, trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
What are the 2 types of first line of defenses in skin
* Mechanical | * Biological
25
In the Skin's first line of defense a Mechanical example is
•Skin must be broken from bite, wound, etc.
26
In the skin's first line of defense biological examples are
* Normal Flora (prevents colonization of bacteria * Sebaceous Glands * Acid pH
27
most infections begin on _____________surfaces.
mucosal
28
Examples of mucous membranes are
•Present in eyes, alimentary tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract.
29
Examples of mechanical protection in mucous membranes
cilia, urination, defecation, nasal hairs, coughing, sneezing
30
Examples of chemical protection in mucous membranes
stomach acids and enzymes, saliva, bile
31
Functions of inflammation
to neutralize injurious agents and their effects (bacteria, viruses, toxins, trauma, chemicals)
32
•Responses of inflammation
* Increased blood flow to area of injury * Accumulation of inflammatory cells (phagocytes) * pH change * Fibrin production
33
•Some organisms are sensitive to ____________ temperatures
Elevated
34
Elevated Temperature is
• A Sign that body is responding to infesction
35
Elevated temperature causes
decrease in toxin release
36
•Bodys resistance is enhanced by _________ ___________
elevated temperatures
37
•Consist of cells and various organs that are responsible for the immune system
•Immune System
38
•A condition that results from any structural defect or functional impairment of the animal body.
Disease
39
•Most diseases are manifested by signs of disturbances called ____________
Symptoms
40
Diseases. are classified into two major categories _____________ and ______________.
Infectious, non-infectious
41
____________occur all over the world.
Diseases
42
occur most often in certain states, countries or continents.
Endemic
43
•Factors of worldwide occurrence
(population shift, rapid transport, etc).
44
•Climatic Seasons
winter, spring, summer, fall, rainy
45
•Physiological Seasons
breeding, birthing, milking
46
A season classified all by itself ( Dr. Johnson hates these creatures )
Fly Season
47
Causes of Intrinsic (internal) diseases
* Genus, Species * Breed * Genetic * Age * Sex * Endocrine * Neoplasms
48
Causes of Extrinsic (external) diseases
* Living Agents: micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa) * Non-living Agents: trauma, temperature, poisons, food deficiencies
49
When living agents enter an animal body and set up a disturbance of function in any part, _________ is said to have occurred.
Infection
50
•Is one caused by the presence of a foreign living organism, which creates a disturbance leading to the development of symptoms.
Infectious disease
51
A __________ _________is one that may be transmitted from one individual to another by direct or in direct contact (fomites, vectors)
contagious disease
52
•All contagious diseases are infectious, but not all infectious diseases are contagious. ( True or False)
True
53
•Common ways infections are contracted by new host
•Direct or immediate contact with a diseased individual (licking, sexual) Contact through fomites •Contact with disease carriers (not showing symptoms •Infection from soil •Infection from food & water •Airborne infections (respiratory droplets) •Bloodsucking arthropods( vectors) •Organisms naturally carried
54
•First true chemotherapeutic agent
●Sulfonamides
55
What was the first antibiotic discovered
Penicillin
56
Most antibiotics are derived from
Fungi
57
An ideal chemotherupertic has
``` ●Should have broad spectrum activity •eg. gram negative, gram positive ●No reactions in host hypersensitivity •Allergic reaction Kill bacteria ●Should not develop drug resistance ●Maximum distribution to all body tissue and fluids ●No renal injury ●Easily manufactured / minimum cost ```
58
● Describe Oral routes of administration
* Enteric infections * Most wasteful use of antimicrobial drugs for systemic infections * Can maintain plasma levels following IV administration
59
What are Parenteral routes | Of administration
* Intramuscular (IM) rapidly absorbed for systemic medication * Intravenously (IV) rapid achievement of maximum blood plasma levels * Topical * Intrauterine * Intramammary will diffuse into circulation
60
•Adequate _________ is necessary to obtain and maintain adequate blood plasma levels
Dosage
61
•Most rapid blood level achieved through _____ administration
IV
62
``` ●Vehicle (______ agent) •Sodium, Potassium (______ absorbed) •Sustained release boluses •Aqueous (_____ release) •Oil (_____ release) ```
Carrier Rapidly Rapid Slow
63
What are the 4 excretions
Urine Feces Sweat Milk
64
What Chemotherapeutics are bactericidal
* Penicillin * Streptomycin * Gentamicin * Neomycin * Bacitracin
65
Which Chemotherapeutics are Bacteriostatic (slow down)
* Tetracycline * Erythromycin * Tylosin * Sulfonamides * Lincomycin
66
Penicillin
Gram +, cell wall synthesis
67
•Tetracyclines
Broad spectrum, protein synthesis
68
•Neomycin
Broad spectrum, protein synthesis
69
•Polymyxin B
Gram -, cell membrane

Disease & Sanitation Animal Sci (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions