Exam 2 Flashcards
study for Exam 2 (117 cards)
0
Q
Ethical assumptions deal with:
A
Whether a variable is right or wrong, good or bad
1
Q
T or F: a mesomorph is a skinny person
A
False
2
Q
T or F: strain theorists believe that people are basically bad
A
False
3
Q
Classical theorists of deviance believe that punishment should:
A
Fit the crime, not the individual
4
Q
T or F: In the following hypothesis, the independent variable is suicide: “Suicide rates increase as social integration decreases”
A
False
5
Q
T or F: strain theorists believe that crime is a result of strain and a lack of social control
A
False
6
Q
The “Dark Ages” was characterized by the dominance of:
A
The Catholic Church
The point of view that the world could only be understood through theological eyes
The thought that the world and the people could not be changed
7
Q
Classical theory came out of the philosophy of the:
A
Enlightenment (the age of reason)
8
Q
Classical theorists believed that people were ___ and were responsible for their actions
A
Hedonistic and free willed
9
Q
The important classical criminologist is:
A
Cesare Beccaria (Father of the Classical School of Crime)
10
Q
The classical thinkers wanted to:
A
Protect people from corruption and the misuse of power
Do away with arbitrary and barbarian punishment
Give people due process
11
Q
If you believe in the classical theory, you:
A
Rich people and poor people should be treated the same for the same crime
12
Q
Positivist theorists of deviance:
A
Focus on cause and effect
Assume crime is caused by many variables
Believe that most people are in agreement about what is criminal
13
Q
To or F: the Gluecks found that compared to delinquent boys, delinquent girls had less affection from their parents
A
False
14
Q
T or F: if you say that deviance is bad, you are making an epistemological assumption
A
False
15
Q
T or F: a negative correlation between variables exists when one variable goes down and the other variable goes down as well.
A
False
16
Q
T or F: Sheldon believed that endomorphic boys were more delinquent than mezzomorphic boys
A
False
17
Q
T or F: in the following hypothesis, the independent variable is cheating: cheating decreases as social pressure decreases
A
False
18
Q
T or F: symbolic interactionists, compared to structural functionalists, would spend more time focusing on the delinquent’s understanding of his or her situation
A
True
19
Q
T or F: Thomas Hobbes believed that people were basically good
A
False
20
Q
T or F: if you believe that even a little deviance is a bad thing for society, then you are making an ethical decision
A
True
21
Q
T or F: Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that people were basically bad
A
False
22
Q
T or F: John Locke believed people were born neither good nor bad
A
True
23
Q
T or F: one way that Beccaria believed that crime could be prevented was by rewarding virtue
A
True
24
T or F: biological positivist believe that structure determines function
True
25
T or F: the principle of utility meant punishment was for prevention only
True
26
T or F: Beccaria's social contract is an invisible agreement
True
27
T or F: according to Beccaria punishment is primarily meant to deter deviance and crime
True
28
T or F: the Gluecks studied 500 delinquent boys
True
29
T or F: biological positivists belong to the classical school of crime
False
30
T or F: Cesare Lombroso was associated with atavism
True
31
T or F: Atavism is the term used to describe how the crime rate drops below the average level
False
32
T or F: How social order is maintained is a major concern of structural functionalists
True
33
T or F: An operational definition is the same as a curvilinear relationship
False
34
T or F: On Crimes and Punishment was written by the pope
False
35
T or F: Physiognomy is the estimation of character and intelligence base on skull shape
False
36
T or F: the term felicity calculus is associated with the classical school of crime
True
37
T or F: Lombroso believed that one way to prevent crime was to reward virtue ex. giving a reward to someone who parks legally
False
38
T or F: If you believe that there is a social concensus about moral values and what should be criminal, then you are most likely a theorist from conflict perspective
False
39
T or F: An epistemological assumption deals with the nature of society
False
40
T or F: Sheldon claimed that ectomorphs would most likely become delinquent
False
41
T or F: a nominal definition of deviance is basically a dictionary definition
True
42
T or F: the following is an example of a positive relationship between two variables: as frustration increases crime also increase
True
43
What kind of a relationship is the following? Suicide rates increase as social integration goes down
Negative relationship
44
What kind of relationship between variables is the following: as society pushes harder people feel more strain
Positive relationship
45
T or F: An example of a negative relationship between two variables would be: as crime increases social control increases
False
46
The father of the classical school of deviance theory
Cesar Beccaria
47
The dark ages lasted about
1000 years
48
T or F: The dark ages was characterized by the dominance of the classical school of deviance
False
49
T or F: Tabula Rasa means that we are all born bad and need to be controlled by society
False
50
T or F: classical theorists of deviance believe that punishment should fit the crime not the criminal
True
51
T or F: Hedonism is the seeking of pleasure and avoidance of pain
True
52
T or F: Social control can be a dependent variable in the study of deviance
True
53
T or F: A student of deviance and social control who uses conflict theory is likely to ask, "what structures promote inequality?"
True
54
T or F: A student of deviance and social control who uses conflict theory is likely to ask, "how do roles make the society run smoothly?"
False
55
T or F: A student of deviance and social control who uses the symbolic interaction theory is likely to ask, "is there a vocabulary unique to the people in this site?"
False
56
T or F: A student of deviance and social control who uses the structural function theory is likely to ask, "how do people in society experience their reality there?"
False
57
T or F: A student of deviance and social control who uses the conflict theory is likely to ask, "are there different social classes in the society or site"
True
58
T or F: a student of deviance and social control who uses the symbolic interaction theory is likely to ask, "how does an individual change his behavior from one situation to another"
True
59
T or F: in the following hypothesis "psychological stress" is the dependent variable: deviance increases as psychological stress increases
False
60
T or F: a metaphysical assumption deals with the nature of reality
True
61
T or F: Thomas Hobbes believed that people need to be controlled
True
62
T or F: A good example of the classical theory of deviance is that some males have an extra Y chromosome, and that is what makes these males more aggressive and deviant
False
63
T or F: Positivist theorists believed that human behavior is determined and not a matter of free will
True
64
T or F: Ontological assumptions deal with whether people are free willed or determined
True
65
T or F: a theory is an explanation as to how things are related to each other
True
66
T or F: according to Beccaria punishment should only be used for revenge
False
67
Theories are comprised of:
Concepts and definitions of concepts
| hypotheses
68
T or F: theories can be tested through verification and falsification
True
69
the theorist best associated with atavism is
Cesar Lombroso
70
The judging of character from facial features falls in the area of study called
Physiognomy
71
Another word for the Enlightenment is
The age of reason
72
Hedonistic rationality is the same as
felicity calculus
73
T or F: Strain theorists believe that deviance is a result of too much social control
True
74
T or F: Symbolic interventionists usually ask, "how do people perceive their reality?"
True
76
What is Sociology?
the scientific study of human behavior and human relationships that come about as a result of the fact that men/women everywhere live group lives
77
Emile Durkheim was a:
Strain theorist/Structural functionalist
78
"soft determinism" theories are
a blending of the classical and positivist positions
79
T or F: Durkheim believed that society is more than a group of individual people, each doing his or her own thing. Thus crime and deviance could not solely be explained by an individual's psychology
True
80
if a society is "suis generis " it is
unique, self-generating, always changing
81
___ believed people are dominated by "SOCIAL FACTS" (family, school, government) and submit to them to avoid pain
Emile Durkheim
82
Durkheim believed that crime
was a social fact found in all societies (normal)
| without crime a society would cease to exist
83
What are the main functions of crime in a society?
```
Marks boundaries of morality
Guides acceptable behavior
Promotes social solidarity
Punish those who break the social contract
Leads to social change
```
84
define anomie
the break down of social norms, and the resulting alienation from the collective conscience (general sense of morality)
85
How can anomie cause crime and deviance?
LACK of REGULATION: society has failed to control the person's desires (hedonism), this makes for a poorly developed collective conscience
LACK of INTEGRATION: society has promoted individualism to the extent that the person becomes selfish and egotistic with little care for the well being of others
86
What are Durkheim's 4 theories of suicide?
1. Fatalistic
2. Altruistic
3. Anomie
4. Egoistic
87
What is the fatalistic theory of suicide?
too much regulation/control by society: resulting in negative views about their future (no hope for happiness)
88
What is the Altruistic theory of suicide?
too much regulation/control by society: resulting in a belief that their death would improve life for others in their society
89
What is the Anomie theory of suicide?
too little integration into society: when forces in society make individuals feel lost or alone, a sense of "normlesness"
90
What is the Egoistic theory of suicide?
too little integration into society: a loss of social connections (ex. loss of a loved one) resulting in the belief that they are alone in society and better off dead
91
How is strain theory different from anomie theory?
strain theorists (structural functionalists) believe crime and deviance are essential in societies, as opposed to anomie theory that see crime and deviance as dysfunctional
92
Sigmund Freud is a
control theorist (psychoanalytic theory)
93
Control theory is
the belief that society has failed to control hedonsim
94
What are Freud's three pieces of personality?
ID, Ego, Super ego
95
The ID is
pleasure seeking (ex. I want a doughnut!)
96
The EGO is
sense of self and reality (ex. how and where do I get a doughnut?)
97
The SUPER EGO is
morals, values and beliefs (ex. I shouldn't get the doughnut because I'm on a diet)
98
Ego defense mechanism: repression
involuntary removal
99
Ego defense mechanism: denial
voluntary distortion of reality
100
Ego defense mechanism: reaction formation
change in attitude or feeling to protect ego
101
Ego defense mechanism: projection
attributing your issues on someone else
102
Ego defense mechanism: rationalization
explaining away failures and losses
103
Ego defense mechanism: sublimation
diverting sexual energies to acceptable targets
104
Ego defense mechanism: regression
reverting to earlier/safer stages of development
105
Ego defense mechanism: introjection
unquestioningly accepting the values of others
106
Ego defense mechanism: displacement
finding a safer target
107
T or F: according to Freud, if someone holds on to their negative feelings until they explode with violence, the root cause of this is found in the oral stage
False
108
Which of Freud's psychosexual stages holds the clue to a deviant's inability to form trusting relationships?
Oral
109
4 factors with probable causal significance to delinquency
1. physique
2. temperment/emotional expression
3. intellectual traits
4. behavioral traits
110
Why do the Gluecks emphasize their view of delinquency to be eclectic?
it involved a combination of many fields of study such as psychology, criminology, sociology, biology
111
5 correlates of delinquency
1. broken homes
2. lack of supervision
3. lack of affection (parental)
4. lack of consistent discipline
5. low family cohesiveness
112
T or F: Durkheim believed if crime was pathological, then the object of punishment should be to cure it
True
113
T or F: Durkheim believed that crime consists of an action which offends certain collective feelings which are especially strong and clear cut
True
114
What are the 5 techniques of neutralization?
1. the denial of responsibility
2. the denial of injury
3. the denial of the victim
4. the condemnation of the condemners
5. the appeal to higher loyalties
115
Ectomorph
tall skinny
116
mesomorph
sporty/athletic
117
endomorph
short chubby
