Exam 2

Question 0

Working Memory

Answer 0

System for temporarily maintaining mental representations that are relevant to the performance of a cognitive task in an activated state, or memory you use when engaged in a cognitive task

Question 1

7 sins of memory

Answer 1

Transcience
Absent mindedness
Blocking
Bias
Suggest ability
Persistence
Misattribution

Question 2

Working Memory Diagram

Answer 2

WM- Executive Attention vs ST Store (Visual/spatial/verbal)

Question 3

Baddely

Answer 3

1986
Central Executive
Visual spatial Sketchpad/Episodic Buffer/Phonological Loop
LTM

Question 4

Baddeley Central Executive

Answer 4

• Supervisory Control of System
• Coordinates 2 storage compartments
• Focuses and Switches attention
• Retrieves Representations from LTM

Question 5

Baddeley Visual Spatial

Answer 5

• Transient storage of visual/spatial representations

* Maintains active memory via rehearsal of image generation or action preparation

Question 6

Baddeley Episodic Buffer

Answer 6

*Transient Storage of integrated events

Question 7

Baddeley Phonological Loop

Answer 7

• Transient storage of verbal representations

* Maintains active memory via rehearsal, mechanism of inner speech

Question 8

Baddeley Long Term Memory

Answer 8

• Permanent Storage of Integrated Events

* Permanent Storage of visual & verbal semantic knowledge

Question 9

Types of Long Term Memory

Answer 9

Explicit/Declarative- episodic/semantic, what

Implicit/Nondeclarative- procedural/skills/conditioned responses, how

Question 10

SAM

Answer 10

Parker, Cahill, McGaugh (2006), amplified white matter tract coherence, enlarged temporal lobe & caudate nucleus (habits, skill learning, ocd)

Question 11

Chattering Mind

Answer 11

1. repetitive and automatic
2. positive/negative tone of self statements
3. impact of mind chatter on attention and concentration
4. universality of experience

Question 12

Encoding Specificity

Answer 12

overlap between operations at encoding and operations at retrieval
TOT
Context-Dependent
Mood Congruence
State-Dependent

Question 13

Context Dependent Learning

Answer 13

Godden & Baddeley (1975) Scuba word recall- dry/dry, wet/wet, dry/wet, wet/dry

Question 14

State Dependent Learning

Answer 14

Person’s state of consciousness during learning and retrieval, better with matching states, Caffeine Study- Keleman & Creeley (2003)

Question 15

Mindfulness Study

Answer 15

Zeidan, 2010, 63 students, 4 sessions, measured emotional regulation and cognitive ability

Question 16

Process of LTM

Answer 16

Attention-Encoding-Storage-Retrieval

Question 17

3 store model of LTM

Answer 17

Stimuli - Sensory Memory - (Attention) - STM (Maintenance Rehearsal) (Information Retrieval) - (Retrieval) (Elaborative Rehearsal) - LTM

Question 18

Prospective memory

Answer 18

remembering to take some action at a specific time in the future- effortful retrieval (continuous monitoring for clues) or spontaneous retrieval

Question 19

Constructive Character of Memory

Answer 19

schemas influence our perceptions by providing expectations, schemas play a role in constructing episodic memories at encoding and in reconstructing them at retrieval

Question 20

Reconstructive Retrieval

Answer 20

schema guided construction of episodic memories that alter and distort encoded memory representations, how we retrieve memories shows that memory is constructive in nature
*Brewer & Treyens (1981)- psychologists office, ¼ recalled unusual items (skull), some participants recalled books (false)

Question 21

Associations and Memory Error

Answer 21

we remember the gist of information (meaning), likely to make mistakes on details- memories dominated by understanding of meaning, not raw materials of experience

Question 22

Photos and False Autobiographical Events

Answer 22

Lindsay et al (2004), asked undergrads to recall 2 true memories and one false one, half of participants shown actual class photo from relevant time period, Less than 50% reconstructed full false memory of slime event, in class photo condition, 70% remembered slime event

Question 23

Memory Accuracy

Answer 23

accuracy is not predicted by

1. confidence
2. details
3. strong emotion

Question 24

Recovered Memories & Trauma

Answer 24

1989/90, Eileen Franken recovered memories of her father murdering her 8 year old friend, Susan Nason in 1969. Father was convicted, later exonerated by DNA- suggestibility and misattribution caused by guided imagery and context reinstatement (reminders of what was going on at the time) *Therapists say trauma can produce amnesia for events and through psychotherapy, the victim recovers the forgotten events. Researchers say recollections are more likely to be false memories, inadvertently induced by therapist suggestions

Question 25

Misinformation Effects

Answer 25

finding that exposure to misleading info presented between the encoding of an event and its subsequent recall causes impairment in memory- related to suggestability, leading questions. Event- Encoding- (interference)- Recall *Loftus, Miller & Burns (1978)- car study, shown pictures then given descriptions that included stop instead of yield sign. Most participants report seeing stop sign (false). Also when accident described as hit or smashed, smashed condition reported car going faster, etc.

Question 26

Jennifer Thompson & Ron Cotton

Answer 26

Feature based recognition- look at features (cross-race), configuration based- holistic, better, same race recognition, more sensitive to differences *50% more likely to misidentify/miss person in lineup *Reconstructive Retrieval, misinformation effect (misleading questions), implanted memories= reasons for bad eyewitness testimony

Question 27

Implanted Memory

Answer 27

an individual creating a false memory in the mind of another person by means of suggestions and questions about the imagined event * Kids more vulnerable to suggestability- * Ceci & Bruck (1993, 1995)- kids lie for social reasons (avoiding punishment, game playing, personal gain)

Question 28

Traumatic Effect Diagram

Answer 28

A- Perception-Reconstruction-true memory B- Perception-Repression--Reconstruction-True Memory C-Perception-Dissociation-Trauma Induced Amnesia D- Confabulation/Misinformation/Implantation-Belief-Reconstruction-False Memory

Question 29

Utility Theory

Answer 29

Expected Utility= (probability of given outcome) x (utility of outcome