Exam 2 Flashcards
(127 cards)
0
Q
What are the main function of the spleen?
A
- Immunity
- Blood Filtration
- Long term T lymphocyte storage
- Stores some WBC’s and platelets
- Hemopoietic Organ in Fetus
1
Q
What is the main function of the spleen
A
immunity
2
Q
What cells are used in blood filtration in the spleen?
A
macrophages
3
Q
The spleen stores some WBC’s and platelets, what type of WBC?
A
monocytes
4
Q
Convex surface and a concave area called a …
A
ilium
5
Q
The capsule of the spleen is made of what kind of tissue?
A
thick dense irregular fibroelastic ct
some smooth muscle cells and/or fibroblasts
6
Q
The trabeculae of the spleen is made of what kind of connective tissue
A
dense irregular
7
Q
Are there blood vessels in the trabeculae?
A
yes, trabecuular arteries
8
Q
T/F
There are both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels in the spleen
A
False there is no afferent lymphatics
9
Q
cells in the spleen are supported by…
A
reticular fibers
10
Q
reticular fibers are produce by what?
A
reticular cells
11
Q
what are the two areas of splenic parenchyma?
A
White pulp and red pulp
12
Q
White pulp in the spleen is a concentration of what?
A
lymphocytes and other cells
13
Q
What percentage of the spleen is made up of the white pulp?
A
5-20%
14
Q
What is the general function of white pulp?
A
immunity
15
Q
The white pulp is next to what?
A
trabeculae and capsule
16
Q
Splenic nodules are located in what?
A
white pulp
17
Q
Splenic nodules are primarily what type of cells?
A
B cells
18
Q
splenic nodules are more common in adults or children?
A
children
19
Q
splenic nodule plays a part in what?
A
humoral immunity
20
Q
What does PALS stand for?
A
periarteriolar lyphoid sheath
21
Q
the periarteriolar lyphoid sheath is primarily made of what type of cells?
A
T cells
22
Q
What is the function of periarteriolar lyphoid sheath?
A
long term storage of T cells
23
Q
What are the functions of red pulp?
A
rapid blood filtration
allow contact with blood bourne foreign antigen
24
What are the two structure of the red pulp?
circulation - open and closed
| splenic cords
25
in a close system circulation capillaries connect to what?
fenestrated venous sinuses
26
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
27
Cartilage texture...
semi rigid yet flexible
28
T/F Cartilage cells & matrix immediately surrounding have no capillary networks of their own
True
29
How does cartilage get nutrition?
by diffusion
30
What are the functions of cartilage?
Support
| Template for endochondral bone ossification
31
Which type of cartilage is the most common?
hyaline cartilage
32
Which type of cartilage is specialized hyaline?
elastic
33
What is a unique type of cartilage?
fibrocartilage
34
What kind of fiber is hyaline cartilage made of?
Does it have perichondrium?
What are some locations where it is found?
Collagen II
Yes (usually)
```
Larynx
Tracheal rings & bronchi
Articular cartilage
Thyroid
Nasal septum
Costal cartilage
```
35
What kind of fibers make up elastic cartilage?
Does it have perichondrium?
What are some locations?
Collagen II
Elastic Fibers
Yes
1 piece in larynx
Ear pinna
External auditory tube
Epiglottis
36
What is the main location of elastic cartilage?
epiglottis
37
What kind of fiber makes up fibrocartilage?
Does it have a perichondrium?
What are some location where it can be found?
Collagen I
No
Annular fibrosis of IVD
Knee menisci
Pubic symphysis
Tendon insertions
38
What 2 components make up hyaline cartilage matrix?
ground substance and fibers
39
What makes up the ground substance of the matrix of hyaline cartilage?
Aggrecans
Hyaleuronic Acid
other proteoglycans
Chondronectin
40
What are aggrecans and what are they made of?
part of the ground substance of the matrix of hyaline cartilage, large molecules
made of proteins and sulfated GAGs
41
What forms the core of the aggrecans?
proteins
42
how many sulfated GAGs are present in one aggrecans?
100-200
43
What are some examples of sulfated GAGs?
chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, heparin sulfate
44
What bonds to multiple aggrecans?
hyaleuronic acid
45
What is held between hyaleuronic acid and aggrecans?
lots of water
46
do proteoglycan form aggrecans?
no
47
what is the purpose of the proteoglycans in the matrix?
to help stabilize the matrix
48
What is Chondronectin and where is it located
its an adhesive glycoprotein and it is in the ground substance of the matrix of hyaline cartilage
49
Along with collegen II that make up the fiber in the matrix of the hyaline cartilage, what other types of cartilage are present?
Collegen 9,10,11
50
What is the main difference between hyaline and elastic cartilage?
elastic fibers contain:
Elastic fibers
Larger & more chondrocytes
Less matrix
51
What are the functions of elastic cartilage?
Provide flexibility
| Elastic cartilage is otherwise like hyaline cartilage in basic structure and function.
52
What kind of cells are in hyaline cartilage?
Chondrogenic
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes
53
What is another name for chondrogenic cells?
condrogenic perichondrium
54
What is the appearance of chondrogenic cells?
very narrow
55
What is the location of chondrogenic cells?
Chondrogenic perichondrium
56
Chondrogenic cells are derived from what?
mesenchyme cells
| rarely from osteoprogenitor cells
57
Chondrogenic cells differentiate into ___________ when matrix is needed via what process?
chondroblasts
| Mitosis
58
What is the appearance of a chondroblast cell?
oval
59
What is the location of chondroblasts?
Chondrogenic perichondrium
60
Chondroblasts are derived from what cell?
When it is derived from mesenchyme it is called?
When it is derived from fibroblasts it is called?
chondrogenic cells
interstitial growth
appositional growth
61
What do chondroblast mature into?
chondrocytes
62
What is the function of the chondroblast cells?
```
produce ALL parts of matrix
secretory
NO Mitosis
Can be inactive for extended periods
Like low O2
```
63
What is the appearance of the chondrocyte cells?
round
64
What is the location of the chondrocytes?
perichondrium
65
chondrocytes are derived from what?
chondroblasts
66
What is the functions of the chondrocytes?
Maintain matrix
Prevent calcification
Some new matrix via mitosis
67
Young chondrocyte cells can derive how many times?
1-2x
68
chondrocytes like high or low oxygen
low oxygen
69
Where do you find isogenic groups and what are they?
chondrocytes, groups of 2-4 cells
70
What is the location of the perichondrium?
What exceptions are there?
peripheral to the cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plate
Articular cartilage – at joints
71
What cartilage is typically damaged due to osteoarthritis?
articular cartilage
72
What are the two part of the perichondrium?
Fibrous and Chondrogenic perichondrium
73
The Fibrous perichondrium of the perichondrium is typically
1. Outermost layer or innermost cartilage
2. What type of Collagen
3. Primary cell type?
4. Vascular or avascular
1. outermost
2. Collagen 1
3. fibroblast
4. vascular
74
The Chondrogenic Perichondrium layer of the perichondrium is...
1. Outermost or Innermost layer
2. It is a ________ layer with what 2 types of cells
3. Thin or wide
4. What type of Collagen
5. Vascular or Avascular
1. Innermost
2. Cellular; chondroblasts and chondrocytes
3. Thin
4. Collagen II
5. Avascular
75
Perichondrium is important because of what two reason?
blood supply – O2 and blood supply to cartilage
| Cells for matrix production, healing, & growth
76
What is another name for histogenesis?
Chondrogenesis
77
Interstitial Cartilage Growth begins with what?
begins with rounded mesenchyme cells called chondrogenic nodules
78
Chondrificaton in chondrification nodule involves Mesenchyme cells becoming chondroblast, what factors affect the differentiation?
Transcription factor SOX-9 and forces exerted in area
79
What do chondroblasts do?
secrete matrix component
80
What do chondroblasts become?
chondrocytes
81
What do chondrocytes do?
Secrete territorial matrix
| Divide to make isogenic groups
82
In the Interstitial Cartilage Growth, Catilage development expands outward. What is the stopping point of cartilage development?
chondrogenic perichondrium
Fibrous perichondrium develops from surround vascular mesenchyme
83
Interstitial Growth is a modified version of?
at what location does this take place?
The cartilage growth mechanism
Articular cartilage
Epithelial growth plate
84
The surface structure of articular cartilage is made of what structure?
densely packed collegen II
85
What is the structure of articular cartilage made of?
chondrocytes arranged in columns
86
Do the chondrocytes in the articular cartilage divide??
occasionally
87
Where is articular cartilage located?
deep to bone, thin crystalline mineral structure
88
What is the function of articular cartilage?
seals cartilage to bone
89
What is the outer layer of the joint capsule made of?
fibrous dense ct
90
The outer layer of the joint capsule is continuous with what?
periosteum of adjacent bone
91
What is another name for the synovial layer of the joint capsule?
synovial membrane
92
Where is the synovial layer of the joint capsule located?
inner ct layer covering non-articular surfaces
93
What three things does the synovial layer of the joint capsule contain??
rich blood, lymphatic and nerve supply
94
T/F
| Synovial membrane does not regenerate
false, it regenerates rapidly
95
The synovial membrane is not considered a what?
epithelial lining
96
What are the two types of cells found in the joint capsule?
Type A Synovocytes
| Type B Synovocytes
97
What are type A synovocytes and what is their main function?
macrophages, remove debris from joint space via phagocytosis
98
Type B synovocytes resemble what kind of cell?
fibroblasts
99
What is the function of Type B Synovocytes?
secrete synovial fluid
100
Synovial fluid has high concentrations of what?
hyaluronan and lubricin
101
What is the function of synovial fluid?
supply nutrients and 02 to chondrocytes, joint lubrication
102
What are the three types of synovial membranes?
fibrous
areolar
adipose
103
fibrous synovium contains what kind of connective tissue and where is it located?
Dense irrengular
| covering tendons and ligaments
104
Aerolar synovium contains what kind of connective tissue and what types of cells?
loose areolar connective tissue
| type A and B synovocytes
105
What kinds of synovial membrane covers fat pads?
adipose synovium
106
What cells are prominent in the adipose synovium?
Tybe B synovocytes
107
Which type of cartilage is slower growing?
a. Appositional
b. Interstitial
a
108
Which type of cartilage is more common?
a. Appositional
b. Interstitial
a
109
Where does the process of appositional cartilage growth begin?
in the perichondrium,
| chondrogenic cells and chondroblasts become active
110
besides Chondrogenic cells, what other scource does chondroblasts originate from?
fibroblasts from the fibrous perichondrium
111
Fibrous perichondrium comes from what?
surrounding ct
112
chondrogenic perichondrium comes from what
fibrous perichondrium
113
chondroblasts can also come from what besides chondrogenic perichondrium?
Fibroblasts in fibrous perchondrium
114
What are the functions of appositional cartilage?
Enlarging existing cartilage
Healing (poor healer)
-faster in children than adults
115
What are the functions of elastic cartilage?
provides flexibility
| other than that the function is a lot like that of hyaline cartilage.
116
Is Fibrocartilage vascular or avascular?
avascular
117
What are the two main functions of fibrocartilage?
provides strength
| shock absorbtion
118
Fibrocartilage resists what kind of force?
stretch and tensile
119
What does perichondrium provide for cartilage?
What disadvantage does this provide for fibrocartilage?
appositional healing
no appositional healing
120
healing for fibrocartilage is 100% ________ tissue
scar
121
Initially fibrocartilage is similar to what?
dense regular connective tissue with fibrocytes and fibroblasts
122
What two things does fibroblast do in fibrocartilage produce in order to resist compressive forces?
Proteoglycans and GAGs
123
fibroblasts change into what?
Due to what?
chondrocytes
Accumulation of the weight of molecules
124
The more compressive forces in the fibrocartilage the more what is produced?
The more shearing forces?
hyaline cartilage
collagen I
125
Fibrocartilage is a combination of what two things?
dense regular ct and hyaline cartilage
126
What occurs to cartilage with an increase in age to chondrocytes?
decrease in number
