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Biology Lab > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

A heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color

A

character

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2
Q

Variant for a character such as purple or white color for flowers

A

trait

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3
Q

Two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

A

law of segregation

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4
Q

Organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a chacter

A

homozygous

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5
Q

Has two different alleles for a gene

A

heterozygous

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6
Q

Organism’s appearance or observable traits

A

phenotype

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7
Q

Organism’s genetic makeup

A

genotype

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8
Q

Crossing two heterozygous parents to follow a single chacter (such as flower color)

A

monohybrid cross

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9
Q

Crossing individual heterozygous for two chacters being followed (i.e. YyRr)

A

dihybrid cross

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10
Q

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation

A

law of independent assortment

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11
Q

Phenotypes of the heterozygote and the dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

A

complete dominance

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12
Q

Neither allele is completely dominant and the F1 hybrids have a phenotype somewhere between those of the two parental varieties

A

incomplete dominance

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13
Q

Two alleles each affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

A

codominance

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14
Q

Genes that have multiple phenotypic effects

A

pleiotropy

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15
Q

The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locust

A

epistasis

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16
Q

Ex: A second gene determines whether or not pigment will be deposited in the hair. If lab is homozygous recessive for the second locust (ee) coat will be yellow regardless

A

epistasis

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17
Q

Ex: Alleles that are responsible for the multiple symptoms associated with certain hereditary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell disease

A

pleiotropy

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18
Q

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character (the converse of pleiotropy)

A

polygenic inheritance

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19
Q

Ex: Skin pigmentation in humans controlled by at least three separately inherited genes

A

polygenic inheritance

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20
Q

A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion

A

quantitative character

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21
Q

Ex: All F1 offspring had red eyes so the mutant white-eye trait must be recessive to the wild-type red-eye trait. Since only expressed in F2 Males, Morgan deduced eye-color gene located on X chromosome

A

Thomas’s Fruit Fly experiement

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22
Q

Genes located on either sex chromosome

A

Sex-Linked genes

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23
Q

The inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a compact object

A

Barr body

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24
Q

If either of the aberant gametes unites with a normal one at fertilization, the zygote will also have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome

A

aneuploidy

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25
Ex: Down syndrome is an example of trisomy, and Turner's syndrome
aneuploidy
26
An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome (Alfred H. Sturtevant)
genetic map
27
The members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I
nondisjunction
28
Sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II
nondisjunction
29
One gamete receives two of the same type of chromosomes and another gamete receives no copy
nondisjunction
30
Chromosomal fragment is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.
deletion
31
A "deleted" fragment may become attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid
duplication
32
A chromosomal fragment may also reattach to the original chromosome but in the reverse orientation
inversion
33
Chromosomal fragment joins a nonhomologous chromosome
translocation
34
Change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell
transformation
35
Frederick Griffith killed the pathogenic bacteria with heat and then mixed that cell remains with living bacteria of the nonpathogentic strain, which became pathogenic
transformation experiement
36
Viruses that infect bacteria
phages
37
Hershey and Chase devised an experiment to test which component - protein or DNA - for reprogramming its host cell to produce viruses. Results?
phage DNA entered host cell but phage protein did not
38
DNA is a polymer of nucleotides consisting of three components, ________ _______ ________
a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group
39
The base composition varies between species and within a species the number of A and T bases are equal and the number of G and C bases are equal
Chargaff's rules
40
Adenine and Thymine form a ________ bond
Double
41
Guanine and Cytosine form a _________ bond
Triple
42
Purines, nitrogenous bases with two organic rings
Adenine and Guanine
43
Pyrimidines, nitrogenous bases with one organic ring
Thymine and Cytosine
44
Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound
replication fork
45
Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands
helicases
46
Bind to the unpaired DNA strands keeping them from re-pairing
single strand binding proteins
47
Helps relieve strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
Topoisomerase
48
The initial nucleotide chain that is produced during DNA synthesis (short stretch of RNA)
primer
49
Synthesizes RNA chain by the enzyme
primase
50
Catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain
DNA polymerases
51
DNA poly III synthesize a complementary strand continuously elongating the new DNA in the 5' -> 3' direction forming the
leading strand
52
DNA pol III works along the other template strand away from the replication fork (since mandatory 5'->3') forming the
lagging strand
53
Segments of lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
54
Joins the sugar-phosphate back-bones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand
DNA ligase
55
Multiple repetition of one short nucleotide to protect genes of linear eukaryotic chromosomes form being eroded away
telomeres
56
Synthesis of RNA using information in the DNA
transcription
57
Synthesis of polypeptide using the information in the mRNA
translation
58
mRNA nucleotide triplets written in the 5'->3' direction are called
codons
59
The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription is known as the
promoter
60
Signals the end of the transcription
terminator
61
Transcription: After RNA polymerase binds with the promoter, the DNA strands unwind and the polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at the start point
Initiation
62
Transcription: The polymerase moves downstream, unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript
Elongation
63
Transcription: The RNA transcript is released and the polymerase detaches from the DNA
Termination
64
Several transcription factors, recognizing __________ must bind to DNA before RNA polymerase II can bind in the correct position
TATA box
65
At the 3' end, an enzyme adds 50-250 more adenine nucleotides forming a
poly-A tail
66
The noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions are called
introns
67
Eventually expressed usually by being translated into amino acid sequences
exons
68
RNA molecules that function as enzymes
ribozymes
69
Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm
prokaryotes
70
Transcription occurs in the cell's nucleus
eukaryotes
71
The 5' end is a modified form of a guanine nucleotide
G-cap
72
Translation: Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
P site
73
Translation: Holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain
A site
74
Translation: Discharged tRNA leaves the ribosome from the
E site
75
Small scale mutations of one or a few nucleotide pairs, changes in a single nucleoide pair of a gene
point mutation
76
Replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides
nucleotide-pair substitution
77
Insertion or deletion of nucleotides may alter the reading frame of the genetic message
frameshift mutation
78
Pries the two srands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template
RNA polymerase
79
Made up of an operator, promoter, and structural gene
operon

Biology Lab (5 decks)

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