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Final Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

T/F: Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have organelles, but the organelles are generally smaller in prokaryotes

A

False

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2
Q

T/F: Plant cells have mitochondria

A

True

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3
Q

T/F: Virtually all organisms require the same elements in the same quantities

A

False

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4
Q

T/F: Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs green light the best

A

False

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5
Q

T/F: Both starch and cellulose are polymers of glucose

A

True

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6
Q

What are the polymers of glucose?

A

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen

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7
Q

T/F: If an atom has 1 unpaired electron then it has 7 electrons in its outer shell

A

True

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8
Q

T/F: According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, membrane phospholipids frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other

A

False

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9
Q

T/F: ATP and NADPH are two molecules that the light reactions supply to the TCA cycle

A

False

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10
Q

What does the TCA cycle yield? (Krebs / Citric Cycle)

A

2 ATP and Pyruvate

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11
Q

T/F: A compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

A

True

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12
Q

T/F: Chemical bonds contain potential energy

A

True

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13
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen

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14
Q

Complex carbohydrates composed of numerous monosaccharides combined through the loss of water molecules

A

Polysaccharides

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15
Q

What occurs in the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomal assembly

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16
Q 
Which of the following organelles is unlikely to show enhanced abundance in pancreatic cells that secrete large amounts of digestive enzymes?
A) Free cytoplasmic ribosomes
B) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Transport vesicles
A

Free cytoplasmic ribosomes

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17
Q

At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side (R groups) most important

A

Tertiary

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18
Q

If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?

A

40%

10% Thymine, 10% Adenine, 40% Guanine, 40% Cytosine

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19
Q

Is activated when bounded to GTP, is activated following the receipt of a signal by a receptor protein, can activate other proteins that are in the cell membrane

A

G protein

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20
Q

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through

A

plasmodesmata

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21
Q 
Which of the following is present in prokaryotic cells
A) ER
B) Mitochondria 
C) Ribosome
D) Nuclear Membrane
E) Chloroplast
A

ribosome

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22
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packed to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which organelle contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells

A

lysosome

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23
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity

A

temperature, pH, substrate concentration

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24
Q 
Which of the following structures is not part of the endomembrane system
A) plasma membrane
B) golgi apparatus
C) nuclear envelope
D) ER
E) chloroplast
A

chloroplast

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25
Organelle that is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells
mitochondria
26
Molecule that is most likely to passively diffuse across the plasma membrane
carbon dioxide
27
Cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones
catabolism
28
A chemical reaction that has a positive G is correctly described as
endergonic
29
What does glycolysis yield
Pyruvate, NADH, ATP
30
Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells
cytosol
31
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by
substrate-level phosphorylation
32
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event
accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
33
Process in eukaryotic cells that will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or not
glycolysis
34
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence
Food -> NADH -> electron transport chain -> oxygen
35
Components of _____________ often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
36
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located
Mitochondrial inner membrane
37
Majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages
hydrocarbons
38
Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Describe phosphofructokinase activity
It is an allosteric enzyme
39
Which molecule donates electrons to the electron transport chain in respiration?
NADH
40
What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon
Inversely related
41
The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is _________
protein phosphatase
42
Where does the Calvin cycle take place
Cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast
43
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of
splitting water molecules
44
Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration
photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules whereas respiration releases it
45
Characterized by a cell releasing a signal molecule into the environment, followed by a number of cells in the immediate vicinity responding
paracrine signaling
46
Generation of proton gradients across membranes occur during
both photosynthesis and respiration
47
How does CO2 enter the leaf
through the stroma
48
Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast
thylakoid membranes
49
Photorespiration occurs when rubisco reacts RuBP with
O2
50
Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?
They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2
51
T/F: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain chromatin
False
52
T/F: The SRY region on the Y chromosome contains a high degree of homology to the X chromosome
False
53
T/F: Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment relates to the inheritance of alleles for a single character
False
54
T/F: Modification of chromatin structure does not involve acetylation, methylation or phosphorylation of histones
False
55
Lac operon model is based on the pioneering work done by _____________ and is used to illustrate gene regulation in ______________
Jacob and Monod: Bacteria
56
The lac operon is an example of an __________ operon that is usually __________
inducible: off
57
gene that is expressed in the presence of a substance in the environment (i.e. lac)
inducible
58
presence of a substance in the environment turns off the expression of those genes involved in the metabolism of that substance (i.e. tryptophan)
repressible
59
The lac operon is responsible for coding for three enzymes involved in
the breakdown of lactose
60
Proteins that assist in eukaryotic RNA polymerase II to bind to DNA and begin transcription
Transcription factors
61
The "bead on a string" seen in interphase chromatin are
nucleosomes
62
Chromatids remain attached to one another at a region known as a ____________ until anaphase
centromere
63
Meiosis iI is similar to mitosis in that
sister chromatids separate during anaphase
64
DNA that is methylated will typically exhibit
lower gene expression
65
Segments of DNA that can move around in the genome of a cell are known as
transposons
66
Which enzymes removes the RNA nucleotides from the primer and adds equivalent DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of Okazaki fragments
DNA polymerase I
67
Which enzyme separates the DNA strands during replication
helicase
68
Which enzyme covalently connects segments of DNA
ligase
69
What determines how long a particular mRNA molecule will persist in a eukaryotic cell
nucleotide sequence in the UTR of the 3' end of the molecule
70
In their paper on DNA structure, whose unpublished data do they acknowledge was used to support their conclusions?
Wilkins and Franklin
71
attaches the appropriate, or "cognate," amino acid onto the corresponding tRNA
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
72
A genetic map of a genome is based on
recombination frequency
73
The enzyme which seals the gaps between fragments of DNA during splicing together of DNA pieces in genetic engineering experiments is
DNA Ligase
74
joining of two or more subunits to form a quaternary structure, division of the chain into sections, attachment of sugars, lipids or phosphate groups are part of
post-translational modification
75
Not a DNA binding motif
Lysine clamp
76
cDNA is made from mRNA using the enzyme
reverse transcriptase
77
The Sanger method utilizes
chain termination with deoxynucleotides
78
Adenine and guanine are __________ (Purine or Pyrimidines)
Purine
79
Cytosine, thymine, uracil are ___________ (Purine or Pyrimidines)
Pyrimidines
80
is the process of expelling molecules from the cell through fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane
Exocytosis
81
____________ inhibitor can bind at a position on the enzyme other than the active site
noncompetitive
82
The final electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation is
Pyruvate
83
Following glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, the equivalent of how many of the original six carbons from glucose have been oxidized to carbon dioxide
6
84
The porphyrin ring is found in the
Heme, chlorophyll
85
The first molecule formed in the Calvin cycle has how many carbon atoms
3
86
refers to two genes sharing a common evolutionary history.
Homology
87
A newly-synthesized protein is directed to the appropriate cellular location due to the presence of a
signal
88
In the first level of DNA packaging, a section of DNA wraps around a histone protein to form a complex called a
nucleosome
89
Pigmentation of a Siamese cat is an example of
environmental effects
90
involves the pinching off of a vesicle from the cell membrane to bring either particles or liquid into the cell.
endocytosis

Biology Lab (5 decks)

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